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Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
Online philosophy reference work, articles are authored and updated by experts in the field. Edited by Edward Zalta.
http://plato.stanford.edu/
Maritain, Jacques
By William Sweet of St. Francis Xavier University.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/maritain/
Miracles
Exploring Hume's argument and the religious significance. By Michael P. Levine of the University of Western Australia.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/miracles/
Mental Imagery
By Nigel Thomas of Leeds University.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/mental-imagery/
Friedrich Nietzsche
Robert Wicks, University of Auckland.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/nietzsche/
Karl Leonhard Reinhold
Life and work of 19th century Austrian philosopher; by Dan Breazeale.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/karl-reinhold/
Adorno, Theodor
Life and work of 20th century German philosopher and critical theorist; by Lambert Zuidervaart.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/adorno/
Laws of Nature
Philosophical theories about what it is to be a law; by John W. Carroll.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/laws-of-nature/
Reflective Equilibrium
The result of a process of reflection on an area of (moral) inquiry, a notion figuring prominently in Rawls' Theory of Justice; by Norman Daniels.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/reflective-equilibrium/
Episteme and Techne
Discussion of the distinction between knowledge and craft, or art in ancient philosophy; by Richard Parry.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/episteme-techne/
Alcmaeon
Life and work of early Greek medical writer and philosopher-scientist; by Carl Huffman.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/alcmaeon/
The Turing Test
Proposal due to Alan Turing for a criterion of the presence of mind or consciousness; by Graham Oppy and David Dowe.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/turing-test/
Analysis
The historical development and conceptual structure of philosophical analysis; by Michael Beaney.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/analysis/
Hilbert's Program
In 1921, David Hilbert made a proposal for a formalist foundation of mathematics, for which a finitary consistency proof should establish the security of mathematics. By Richard Zach.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/hilbert-program/
Church-Turing Thesis
Jack Copeland of the University of Canterbury, New Zealand outlines this frequently misunderstood thesis.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/church-turing/
Bosanquet, Bernard
William Sweet of St. Francis Xavier University introduces the absolute idealist.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/bosanquet/
Bradley, F. H.
By Stewart Candlish of the University of Western Australia.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/bradley/
Logical Constructions
Bernard Linsky, University of Alberta.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/logical-construction/
Category Theory
Jean-Pierre Marquis of the University of Montreal introduces the general mathematical theory of structures and systems of structures.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/category-theory/
Cognitive Science
The study of mind and intelligence. By Paul Thagard of the University of Waterloo.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/cognitive-science/
Color
Metaphysical and epistemological accounts of color. By Barry Maund of the University of Western Australia.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/color/
Connectionism
Movement in cognitive science which hopes to explain human intellectual abilities using artificial neural networks. By James W. Garson of the University of Houston.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/connectionism/
Donald Davidson
Jeff Malpas of the University of Tamania.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/davidson/
Dialetheism
Dialeth(e)ism is the view that there are true contradictions. By Graham Priest of the University of Queensland.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/dialetheism/
Existence
By Barry Miller.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/existence/
Paul Feyerabend
Biographical and expository essay by John Preston of Reading University.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/feyerabend/
Gottlob Frege
Edward N. Zalta of the Metaphysics Research Lab.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/frege/
Game Theory
Von Neumann and Morgensterns mathematical theory of bargaining, introduced by Don Ross University of Cape Town.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/game-theory/
Hegel, G. W. F.
Paul Redding of the University of Sydney.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/hegel/
Multiple Realizability
John Bickle discusses the contention that a given mental kind (property, state, event) is realized by distinct physical kinds.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/multiple-realizability/
Ontological Arguments
Ontological arguments are arguments, for the conclusion that God exists, from premisses which are supposed to derive from some source other than observation of the world. From the Stanford Encyclopedia, by Graham Oppy.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/ontological-arguments/
Stoicism
Stoicism was one of the new philosophical movements of the Hellenistic period. By Dirk Baltzly.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/stoicism/
Thought Experiments
By James Robert Brown, University of Toronto.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/thought-experiment/
Tropes
An article describing tropes by John Bacon.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/tropes/
Turing Machine
Article on Turing Machines from the Stanford Encyclopedia.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/turing-machine/
Vagueness
By Roy Sorensen.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/vagueness/
Alfred North Whitehead
By A. D. Irvine.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/whitehead/
Thomas Aquinas
Biographical and expository essay, by Ralph McInerny.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/aquinas/
Artifact
By Risto Hilpinen of the University of Miami.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/artifact/
Aristotle's Political Theory
By Fred D. Miller, Jr of Bowling Green State University.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/aristotle-politics/
Medieval Theories of Conscience
The ability to act on the determinations of conscience is tied to the development of the moral virtues, which in turn refines the functions of conscience. By Doug Langston of the University of South Florida.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/conscience-medieval/
Causal Processes
Bertrand Russell, Wesley Salmon, and conserved quantities. By Phil Dowe of the University of Tasmania.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/causation-process/
Probabilistic Causation
"Probabilistic Causation" designates a group of philosophical theories that aim to characterize the relationship between cause and effect using the tools of probability theory. A primary motivation for the development of such theories is the desire for a theory of causation that does not presuppose physical determinism.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/causation-probabilistic/
Animal Consciousness
By Colin Allen of Texas A & M, addressing the qualitative or phenomenological nature of experience.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/consciousness-animal/
Cosmology and Theology
Deals with the cosmological argument. By John Leslie of the University of Guelph.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/cosmology-theology/
Descartes' Epistemology
By Lex Newman of the University of Nebraska, Lincoln.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/descartes-epistemology/
Mental Representation
According to the Representational Theory of Mind, psychological states are to be understood as relations between agents and mental representations. By David Pitt, CUNY.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/mental-representation/
Saint Augustine
By Michael Mendelson of Lehigh University.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/augustine/
Aristotle's Logic
Survey of Aristotle's logical work, focus on the "Organon," syllogistic, and dialectic. From the Stanford Encyclopedia, by Robin Smith.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/aristotle-logic/
Modal Logic
Originally the study of deductive behavior of the expressions `it is necessary that' and `it is possible that', now also includes logics for belief, tense, the deontic (moral) expressions. By James W. Garson, University of Houston.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/logic-modal/
Original Position
The original position is a hypothetical situation in which rational calculators, acting as agents or trustees for the interests of concrete individuals, are pictured as choosing those principles of social relations under which their principals would do best. From the Stanford Encyclopedia, by Fred D'Agostino.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/original-position/
Pantheism
Definition of Pantheism by Michael P. Levine of the University of Western Australia.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/pantheism/
Pascal's wager
An argument due to Blaise Pascal for believing, or for at least taking steps to believe, in God. From the Stanford Encyclopedia, by Alan Hájek.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/pascal-wager/
Karl Popper
By Stephen Thornton from the University of Limerick.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/popper/
Principia Mathematica
Entry by A.D. Irvine discussing Russell and Whitehead's treatise.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/principia-mathematica/
Prisoner's Dilemma
By Steven T. Kuhn of Georgetown University.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/prisoner-dilemma/
Private Language
By Stewart Candlish from the University of Western Australia.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/private-language/
Qualia
Qualia are introspectively accessible, phenomenal aspects of our mental lives. By Michael Tye.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/qualia/
Russell, Bertrand
By A. D. Irvine.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/russell/
Time Travel and Modern Physics
Survey of philosophical woories about inconsistencies inherent in the idea of time travel in the context of modern physics. From the Stanford Encyclopedia, by Tim Maudlin.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/time-travel-phys/
Foundationalist Theories of Epistemic Justification
Survey of theories according to which knowledge and justified belief rest ultimately on a foundation of noninferential knowledge or justified belief. By Richard Fumerton of the University of Iowa.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/justep-foundational
Divine Illumination
Augustine's doctrine described by Robert Pasnau of the University of Colorado.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/illumination/
Peter John Olivi
Life and work of one of the most original and interesting philosophers of the later Middle Ages. From the Stanford Encyclopedia, by Robert Pasnau.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/olivi/
Logical Form
Introduction to logical form, surface and deep meaning. By Paul M. Pietroski, University of Maryland.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/logical-form/
Measurement in Quantum Theory
Study of the details and some of the implications of the measurement problem. By Henry Krips of the University of Pittsburgh.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/qt-measurement/
Medieval Theories of Practical Reason
From the Stanford Encyclopedia, by Anthony Celano.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/practical-reason-med
Properties
Entry in the Stanford Encyclopaedia of Philosophy by Chris Swoyer. Principally concerned with existence and identity conditions.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/properties/
Intuitionistic Logic
The principles L. E. J. Brouwer used in developing his intuitionistic mathematics. By Joan R. Moschovakis, UCLA.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/logic-intuitionistic/
Richard the Sophister
Richardus Sophista was an English philosopher/logician who studied at Oxford most likely sometime during the second quarter of the thirteenth century. From the Stanford Encyclopedia, by Paul Streveler.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/richard-sophister/
Nineteenth Century Geometry
By Roberto Torretti, Universidad de Chile.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/geometry-19th/
Holism and Nonseparability in Physics
Comprehensive article by Richard Healey of the University of Arizona.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/physics-holism/
Propositional Attitude Reports
Explores semantic accounts of propositional attitude reports, and some of the theories developed to deal with Frege's puzzle. From the Stanford Encyclopedia, by Thomas J. McKay.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/prop-attitude-reports/
Identity and Individuality in Quantum Theory
Assesses the metaphysical implications of quantum theory by considering the impact of the theory on our understanding of objects as individuals with well defined identity conditions. By Steven French of Leeds University.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/qt-idind/
War
Article on the ethics of war and peace, the Just War theory, and pacificsm. From the Stanford Encyclopedia, by Brian D. Orend.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/war/
Infinitary Logic
Infinitary Logic is a branch of formal logic where finitary formulae are replaced by potentially infinitary mathematical entities. By John L. Bell.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/logic-infinitary/
William Godwin
Article on the life and work of the founder of philosophical anarchism. From the Stanford Encyclopedia, by Mark Philp.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/godwin/
The Identity Theory of Mind
Evaluates the theory that holds that states and processes of the mind are identical to states and processes of the brain. By J. J. C. Smart of Monash.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/mind-identity/
Aristotle's Psychology
Recounts the principal and distinctive claims of Aristotle's psychological writings, especially "De Anima." By Christopher Shields of the University of Colorado.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/aristotle-psychology/
Temporal Logic
The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy entry on the subject, with a detailed description, application areas and a bibliography.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/logic-temporal/
Epiphenomenalism
Discusses the view that mental events are caused by physical events in the brain, but have no effects upon any physical events. From the Stanford Encyclopedia, by William S. Robinson.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/epiphenomenalism/
The Hole Argument
The hole argument is an attempt to illustrate how spacetime substantivalism causes errors in a large class of spacetime theories. By John D. Norton of the University of Pittsburgh.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/spacetime-holearg/
Contractarianism
By Ann E. Cudd, University of Kansas.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/contractarianism/
Representational Theories of Consciousness
By William Lycan, University of North Carolina.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/consciousness-representational/
Voluntary Euthanasia
By Robert Young, La Trobe University.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/euthanasia-voluntary/
Virtue Epistemology
By John Greco of Fordham.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/epistemology-virtue/
Feminist Ethics
By Rosemarie Tong, Davidson College.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/feminism-ethics/
Feminist Perspectives on the Self
By Diana Meyers of the University of Connecticut.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/feminism-self/
Folk Psychology as Mental Simulation
By Robert M. Gordon, University of Missouri.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/folkpsych-simulation/
Folk Psychology as a Theory
By Ian Ravenscroft, the Flinders University of South Australia.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/folkpsych-theory/
Distributive Justice
By Julian Lamont, University of Queensland.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/justice-distributive/
Public Justification
By Fred D'Agostino, University of New England, Australia.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/justification-public/
Medieval Theories of Modality
By Simo Knuuttila of the University of Helsinki.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/modality-medieval/
Philip the Chancellor
Life and work of this 13th-century philosopher, theologian, and lyric poet. From the Stanford Encyclopedia, by Colleen McCluskey.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/philip-chancellor/
Saint Anselm
By Thomas Williams, University of Iowa.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/anselm/
Many-Valued Logic
Survey article on multiple-valued logics, by Siegfried Gottwaldof of Leipzig University.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/logic-manyvalued/
Actualism
The thesis that there are no merely possible entities; by Christopher Menzel.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/actualism/
Behaviorism
By George Graham of University of Alabama at Birmingham.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/behaviorism/
Teleological Notions in Biology
By Colin Allen of Texas A & M.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/teleology-biology/
Frege's Logic, Theorem, and Foundations for Arithmetic
By Edward N. Zalta of Stanford University.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/frege-logic/
Leibniz's Philosophy of Mind
By Mark Kulstad and Laurence Carlin.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/leibniz-mind/
Leibniz on the Problem of Evil
By Michael J. Murray, Franklin & Marshall College.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/leibniz-evil/
The St. Petersburg Paradox
By Robert M. Martin, Dalhousie University.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/paradox-stpetersburg/
Peirce's Logic
By Eric M. Hammer of Stanford.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/peirce-logic/
Experiments in Physics
By Allan Franklin, University of Colorado.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/physics-experiment/
Reichenbach's Common Cause Principle
By Frank Arntzenius of Rutgers.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/physics-Rpcc/
Singular Propositions
Propositions about a particular object or individual in virtue of having the object or individual as a constituent of the proposition. By G. W. Fitch.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/propositions-singular/
Structured Propositions
To say that propositions are structured is to say that they are complex entities, entities having parts or constituents. By Jeffrey C. King.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/propositions-structured/
Everett's Relative-State Formulation of Quantum Mechanics
Describes Everett's attempt to solve the measurement problem by dropping the collapse dynamics from the standard von Neumann-Dirac theory of quantum mechanics. By Jeffrey A. Barrett.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/qm-everett/
Historicist Theories of Rationality
By Carl Matheson of the University of Manitoba.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/rationality-historicist/
The Epistemology of Religion
By Peter Forrest.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/religion-epistemology/
Ancient Skepticism
Two movements in ancient philosophy, Pyrrhonism, and Academic Skepticism. By Leo Groarke.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/skepticism-ancient/
Contemporary Approaches to the Social Contract
By Fred D'Agostino.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/contractarianism-contemporary/
Relevance Logic
By Edwin D. Mares, Victoria University of Wellington.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/logic-relevance/
Paraconsistent Logic
By Graham Priest and Koji Tanaka.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/logic-paraconsistent/
Informal Logic
By Leo Groarke, Wilfrid Laurier University.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/logic-informal/
Substructural Logics
By Greg Restall of Macquarie University.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/logic-substructural/
Indispensability Arguments in the Philosophy of Mathematics
By Mark Colyvan, University of Tasmania.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/mathphil-indis/
Constructive Mathematics
By Douglas Bridges from Waikato University.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/mathematics-constructive/
Inconsistent Mathematics
By Chris Mortensen, University of Adelaide.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/mathematics-inconsistent/
The Philosophy of Neuroscience
By John Bickle and Peter Mandik.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/neuroscience/
Medieval Theories of Analogy
By E. Jennifer Ashworth of the University of Waterloo.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/analogy-medieval/
Supertasks
Introduced by Jon Pérez Laraudogoitia from the University of the Basque Country.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/spacetime-supertasks/
Conventionality of Simultaneity
By Allen I. Janis, University of Pittsburgh.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/spacetime-convensimul/
Homosexuality
Philosophical issues in homosexuality and queer theory; by Brent Pickett.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/homosexuality/
Pyrrho
The life and work of the founder of Pyrrhonism; by Richard Bett.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/pyrrho/
Identity Politics
History of the political activity and theorizing founded in the shared experiences of injustice of members of certain social groups; by Cressida Heyes.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/identity-politics/
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