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TradeTrade centres on the exchange of goods and/or services. Exchanges may take place between two parties (bilateral trade) or amongst more than two parties (multilateral trade). In its original form trade perforce used barter and the exchange of goods and services of a recognized equal value desirable to both parties. Modern traders generally negotiate through the use of a medium of exchange, i.e. money, and rarely through barter: as a result one can separate buying and earning or selling. The invention of money (and subsequently of credit, paper money and non-physical money) greatly simplified and promoted the development of trade.
Most economistss accept the non-obvious theory that trade benefits both parties, and reject the notion that all exchange must exploit one party. Trade exists largely because differences exist in the cost of production of some tradable commodity in different locations. As such, exchange at market prices between locations benefits both.
Empirical evidence for the success of trade can emerge when contrasting countries such as South Korea, which has adopted largely unfettered free-trade, with India, which has pursued a more protectionist policy. Countries such as South Korea have fared much better (when measured by economic criteria) than India, and others, over the past fifty years.
History of Trade
Organisation of Trade
Different patterns of organising and administering trade include:
- State control - recognising the importance of trade by preserving the natural monopoly of everyone
- Guild control - collectivist convenience for the merchant class, and grounds enough for their reputation in so many societies
- Free enterprise - a strange modern idea that appears to foster the deification of dealers for their heroism in the arenas of the markets
Types of Trade
See also
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United States International Trade Commission (USITC)
An "independent", quasi-judicial federal agency that provides trade policy advice to both the legislative and executive branches of government, determines the impact of imports on U.S. industries, and directs actions against certain, allegedly unfair trade practices, such as patent, trademark, and copyright infringement.
http://www.usitc.gov/
World Economic Forum Membership Data
Detailed information of World Economic Forum member organizations by region, country and continent. Also lists specific multinational corporate names.
http://www.geocities.com/pwdyson/wef_orgs.htm
Thunderlake: Functional Trade Policy Issues
Functional trade policy issues including development, agriculture, environment, labour, finance, investment, and transport.
http://www.thunderlake.com/linksissue.html
Thunderlake: Government Trade Policy Agencies
Annotated links to international affairs, and foreign trade and research resources.
http://www.thunderlake.com/linksgov.html
USA Engage
Broad-based coalition representing American business and agriculture.
http://www.usaengage.org/
Washington Trade Reports
Essays on trade issues, with a focus on agriculture, labor rights, preferences and a new round.
http://www.washingtontradereports.com/
Global Research Business Institute
Based in UK, the GBRI is an educational body conducting outreach to business executives, journalists and civil servants, promoting a greater understanding of globalization and its consequences.
http://www.gbri.org/
The Institute for Nonviolent Economics
Works to build understanding among the public and among community organizers and activists of the ways by which economic globalization impacts local issues and daily lives.
http://www.nonviolenteconomics.org/
Policy Briefings
Catholic Agency for Overseas Development provides several in depth reports on the WTO and Globalization
http://www.cafod.org.uk/policy/
Flora
Archives of the MAI-NOT project, with a selection of anti-globalization links and a discussion forum.
http://www.flora.org/mai/
Globalization from Below
Brief excerpt from book of that title by Jeremy Brecher, Tim Costello, and Brendan Smith.
http://www.southendpress.org/books/globalexc.shtml
Almanac of Policy Issues: International Trade
News, background information, and links on international trade issues, including GATT, NAFTA, and the WTO.
http://www.policyalmanac.org/economic/international_trade.shtml
World Economic Forum
The Davos meeting of political and business leaders aims to create the foremost global partnership of business, political, intellectual and other leaders of civil society to define and discuss the key issues on the global agenda.
http://www.weforum.org/
Maigalomania
A briefing by Corporate Europe Observatory critical of the Multilateral Agreement on Investment (MAI), giving a history, background of major interests, and the role of international organizations.
http://www.xs4all.nl/~ceo/mai/
Global Economy Tutorial
A slide show attempting to educate citizens on the global economy and the current global economic crisis based on Z Magazine articles by Robin Hahnel.
http://www.zmag.org/Instructionals/GlobalEcon/id1_m.htm
Trades Union Congress (UK) -Globalisation
Information, articles and education on globalisation issues, from the trade unionist perspective.
http://www.tuc.org.uk/globalisation/
U.S. Council for International Business
Promotes an open system of world trade, finance, and investment from the perspective of business.
http://www.uscib.org/
Freedom to Trade Campaign
The Campaign promotes the view that free trade frees people; it is fundamental to eliminating poverty, promoting development and achieving political and economic freedom.
http://www.freedomtotrade.org/
Center for Trade Policy Studies
The mission of the Center is to increase public understanding of the benefits of free trade and the costs of protectionism.
http://www.freetrade.org/
A World Connected
A project to spread information about globalization and free trade.
http://www.aworldconnected.org/
The Fair Trade Page
Articles and links about issues of fairness in trade.
http://internationalecon.com/fairtrade/index.html
The Fairtrade Foundation
Seeks to tackle the exploitation of workers in developing countries by giving consumers the opportunity to buy products that guarantee a better deal to producers. Site includes information resources and a report on coffee farmers and international trade.
http://www.fairtrade.org.uk/
The Business Roundtable: International Trade and Investment
Represents American business interests through developing positions on international trade and investment issues.
http://www.brtable.org/issue.cfm/9
The Case for Free Trade and Open Immigration
Online book that makes the case for unilateral free trade and open borders.
http://www.amatecon.com/etext/cftoi/cftoi.html
Focus on the Global South
A program of progressive development policy research and practice that works on regional and global policy analysis, micro-macro linking and advocacy work.
http://www.focusweb.org/
Global Issues and Trade Related Issues
Addresses several aspects of the current model for global trading and how developing and developed nations could be affected.
http://www.globalissues.org/TradeRelated/TradeRelated.asp
Global Policy Network
Policy and research institutions connected to the world's trade union movements.
http://www.globalpolicynetwork.org/
Global Trade Negotiations
News articles, working papers and links to various trade-related resources, such as NGO sites and government positions on trade policy.
http://www.cid.harvard.edu/cidtrade/
Globalisation Guide
Presents the arguments of both those who support as well as oppose globalization.
http://www.globalisationguide.org/
OneWorld Trade Campaign
Coverage on trade from the OneWorld partnership network working for sustainable development and human rights worldwide.
http://www.oneworld.net/campaigns/trade/
Trade Liberalisation Network
A New Zealand business organisation aimed at encouraging broad public understanding and support for trade.
http://www.tln.org.nz/
U.S. Coalition for Fair Lumber Imports
Alliance of sawmill employees and woodland owners united in opposition to Canada's trade practice related to lumber exports.
http://www.fairlumbercoalition.org/
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