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HistoryHistory is often used as a generic term for information about the past, such as in "geologic history of the Earth." When used as the name of a field of study, history means human history, which is the recorded memory of past human societies.
The term history comes from the Greek historia, "an account of one's inquiries," and shares that etymology with the English word story. Some feminist scholars instead use the term herstory for the word history.
Historians use many types of sources, including written or printed records, interviews (oral history), and archaeology. Different approaches may be more common in some periods than others, and the study of history has its fads and fashions (see historiography, the history of history). The events that occurred prior to human records are known as prehistory.
Knowledge of history is often said to encompass both knowledge of past events and historical thinking skills.
See also: History of the world
Classifications
A very large amount of historical information is available in Wikipedia, and several different ways of classifying it are given below.
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History classified by location
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History classified by date:
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Academic classification
Miscellaneous classifications
(Not necessarily part of academic history studies)
Ideological classifications
Although certain amount of bias in history studies is inescapable, national bias being probably the most important, history can also be studied from a narrow ideological perspective, perhaps one that the practitioners feel is usually ignored. For example:
- Marxist history;
- Feminist history (also called herstory);
A form of historical speculation known commonly as virtual history (also called "counterfactual history") been adopted by some historians as a means of assessing and exploring the possible outcomes if certain events had not occurred or had occurred in a different way to that which they did. This is somewhat similar to the alternative history genre in fiction.
You may also want to see dubious historical resources and historical myths for a list of false beliefs and histories which were once or are now popular and widespread, but which are proven to be false or dubious.
Guidelines for history on Wikipedia can be found at Wikipedia:History.
See also
External links
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Time Warp
Digital archive of 20th century technology.
http://www.time-warp.org
Vintage Audio, Video and Television site
Pictures, documents, technical information, and links relating to webmaster's professional and pastime interests in early audio, video and television developments.
http://www.callnetuk.com/home/terrym
Greatest Engineering Achievements of the Twentieth Century
Includes timelines and historical essays of the top 20.
http://www.greatachievements.org/
Alex den Ouden
Books, articles and consultancy on industrial archaeology and the history of technology, engineering and metallurgy. Text in Dutch and English.
http://www.denouden.demon.nl/index.html
Technology History
Miscellaneous links to technology topics.
http://www.refstar.com/techhist/
H-GIG Technology History links
From the University of California, Riverside.
http://www.ucr.edu/h-gig/hist-science/techn.html
The Steam Engine Library
Online texts of historical documents relating to the history of the steam engine.
http://www.history.rochester.edu/steam/
Wolfgang von Kempelen's and the subsequent speaking machines
A description of vaious methods of producing synthetic speech experimented with between 1770 and 1970. Includes auditory illustrations.
http://www.ling.su.se/staff/hartmut/kemplne.htm
Echo Science and Technology Virtual Center
Incorporating the WWW Virtual Library for the History of Science, Technology, & Medicine, established in 1994.
http://echo.gmu.edu/center/
History of Refrigeration
Summary with links to related articles.
http://www.rogersrefrig.com/history.html
Henry VIII Stamped Out Industrial Revolution
Article in the Telegraph reporting that archaeologists have found evidence that Cistercian monks in Yorkshire were developing a prototype blast furnace when they were evicted by the king in 1538.
http://portal.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=%2Fnews%2F2002%2F06%2F21%2Fnhenry21.xml
Roman Engineering and Industry
Illustrated article on the engineering enterprise of the Roman engineer. Includes aqueducts, pipes, valves, and pumps.
http://www.novanet.it/com/personale/togliard/nemi/nindex_e.htm
The Engines of Our Ingenuity
Radio program that tells the story of how our culture is formed by human creativity. Features transcripts for every episode heard since the show's inception in 1988.
http://www.uh.edu/engines/
Surfing the Aether - A Radio History & Technology Timeline
Chronicle many of the events, inventions, and notable persons that made radio what it is, and asks if lessons learned from this history can be applied to the Internet today.
http://www.northwinds.net/bchris/
History of Science and Technology in Islam
Describes Arabic original inventions and improvements in chemical processes and mechanical engineering
http://www.gabarin.com/ayh/
Kodo Zuroku - Illustrated Book on the Smelting of Copper
Online facsimile of an eighteenth century book by Masuda Tsuna, translated by Zenryu Shirakawa.
http://dibinst.mit.edu/BURNDY/OnlinePubs/KodoZuroku/index.html
Canadian Civil Engineering History & Heritage
Features civil engineering historic sites and engineers who made a significant impact on civil engineering in Canada.
http://collections.ic.gc.ca/civileng/eng/
Charles Babbage's First Difference Engine
Contains archival source material and graphics, together with a discussion of the Mathematics of the Engine.
http://mycetes.pwp.blueyonder.co.uk/babbage/default.htm
The astronomical clock at Hampton Court Palace
The astronomical clock at Hampton Court Palace by the author of the original guide book, and including many details and fascinating facts and discoveries omitted from the guide book.
http://homepage.ntlworld.com/heather.hobden1/hamptoncourtclock.htm
Arithmometers - Mechanical Calculators
Site about mechanical calculators and arithometers, including Arithmometer Simulator!
http://oldcalc.republika.pl/
Technology Chronology
Dates and descriptions of some important events in the history of technology, from prehistory through modern times.
http://campus.northpark.edu/history/WebChron/Technology/Technology.html
Inventions! Patents at NC State University
Patents developed by faculty at NC State University and selected items from NCSU Libraries? collection of related materials.
http://www.lib.ncsu.edu/archives/exhibits/patents/
Sketches of a History of Statistical Mechanics and Thermodynamics - Hyperjeff
Timeline of the major events of statistical mechanics and thermodynamics. Includes links to biographies and a complete bibliography.
http://history.hyperjeff.net/statmech.html
Resources in the History of Science & Technology
Many links
http://sciweb.lib.umn.edu/subject/hst.html
Yale Library: History of Science, Technology, and Medicine
Links to many types of resources
http://info.med.yale.edu/library/sir/history.html
A Brief History of Computer Technology
The evolution of digital computing is often divided into generations. Each generation is characterized by dramatic improvements over the previous one. The following history has been organized using these widely recognized generations as mileposts.
http://csep1.phy.ornl.gov/ov/node8.html
Pam Mack's History of Technology Links
http://people.clemson.edu/~pammack/links.htm
ThinkQuest - The Evolution of Communication
Traces the development of verbal and non-verbal communication through human history, from prehistoric cave drawings to satellite broadcast.
http://library.thinkquest.org/26451/
Waterpower at Niagara
The history of power development at Niagara Falls. Includes a timeline, a hot-linked schematic of a power house installation, and short biographies of key power pioneers.
http://www.personal.psu.edu/users/s/g/sgl121/powerhistory.html
Internal Fire
A small museum in Wales covering the development of the diesel engine in the 20th century. Includes photos, history and descriptions of these types of motors.
http://www.internalfire.com/
Allstar Network
History of early design and development of airborn machines. Find biographical information about and photographs of Bessie Coleman, Amelia Earhart, the Tuskegee Airmen, and Ben Davis. Also has information about the properties of flight and related careers.
http://www.allstar.fiu.edu/
Nikola Tesla
Discovered the rotating magnetic field, the basis of most alternating-current machinery. Als, invented the Tesla coil, that is widely used in radios. Includes biography, list of inventions, photos, and quotes.
http://www.neuronet.pitt.edu/~bogdan/tesla/
Mark Twain and Technology
An exploration of the technology Twain refers to in his novel, A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur's Court. site was constructed as part of a Summer Institute at Carnegie Mellon University.
http://fayette.k12.in.us/~cbeard/cy/index.html
It'll Never Work!
Negative comments about new scientific and technological ideas.
http://www.lhup.edu/~dsimanek/neverwrk.htm
A World Of Communication
All about the history, status, and future of communications technology.
http://library.thinkquest.org/26890/
Hook Norton Brewery Steam Engine
Possibly the last working steam engine in the world. Is used to power the brewery in a town in the UK. Page gives short history, specifications and tasks accomplished by this antique machinery.
http://www.hooknortonbrewery.co.uk/public_visitors/steam/steam_home.html
Recording Technology History
Discusses early people and items used to make early audio and video devices from the first record players to digital television. Includes additional resource links.
http://history.sandiego.edu/gen/recording/notes.html
Today in Technology History
A single event from this date in the history of technology. Published weekdays, from the Center for the Study of Technology and Society.
http://www.tecsoc.org/today.htm
History of the IBM Typewriter
Timeline with images of each model
http://www.etypewriters.com/history.htm
Air Force Technology
Timelines through 1970s.
http://www.rl.af.mil/History/topic.html
Lumber, Logging and Paper
An illustrated history of logging and sawmills in the US provided by Ed Sanders.
http://www.edsanders.com/logging/history.htm
Vacuum History & Technology
Contains biographies of scientists and development of vacuum technologies
http://www.mcallister.com/vacuum.html
Building Big
A companion to the PBS series, the site explores the engineering principles, design challenges, and stories behind some of the most remarkable achievements in the history of building.
http://www.pbs.org/buildingbig
A Walk Through Time
An illustrated history of timekeeping from ancient times to the present, by NIST
http://physics.nist.gov/GenInt/Time/time.html
History of Radio
This paper analyzes early stages of Soviet and US radio broadcasting. It was a different world back then.
http://www.zeltser.com/radio/
ExpoMuseum
An online museum dedicated to world's fair history, architecture, and memorabilia.
http://www.ExpoMuseum.com/
World's Fairs and Expositions
Resources on the world's fairs held from 1876 to 1916 focusing on how they shaped American culture by presenting idealized visions of the past and future that often ignored minority viewpoints.
http://www.boondocksnet.com/expos/
Medieval Technology Pages
Medieval technology and various inventions and developments involving everyday life in the Middle Ages.
http://scholar.chem.nyu.edu/technology.html
Totalizator History
The history of the invention of the world's first automatic totalizator in 1913 and its subsequent development. Mechanical computing on a commercial scale.
http://www.ozemail.com.au/~bconlon/
South Western Electricity Historical Society
The SWEHS is interested in electricity history and industrial archeology with particular reference to the supply, generation and distribution of electricity in the South Western area of England.
http://www.emep-486.telinco.co.uk/swehs
Reinventing the wheel
BBC Education - A journey through the bright ideas of history
http://www.bbc.co.uk/education/archive/wheel/hitech.htm
The Dead Media Project
Database of notes written and researched by mailing members pertaining to various forms of media and communications devices throughout history.
http://www.deadmedia.org/
Greatest Inventions - The Evolution of Man through History
Covers a number of popular inventions through history from the 15th to the 20th century.
http://library.thinkquest.org/C002942/home.shtml
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