Braille

There is also an asteroid 9969 Braille

Braille is also notable for being a binary code that predated the invention of the computer.

Table of contents

1 The Braille alphabet 2 Braille transcription 3 External links

The Braille alphabet

Braille generally consists of cells of 6 raised dots conventionally numbered

There are braille codes for representing shorthand (produced on a machine which embosses a paper tape) and for representing mathematics (Nemeth Braille) and musical notation (Braille Music).

Braille has been extended to an 8 dot code so that the case of an individual letter is directly coded in that cell, and so that all the printable ASCII characters can be represented. All 256 possible combinations of 8 dots are encoded by the Unicode standard.

Braille may be produced using a "slate" and a "stylus" in which each dot is created from the back of the page, writing in mirror image, by hand, or it may be produced on a braille typewriter or "Perkins Brailler", or produced by a Braille Embosser attached to a computer. It may also be rendered using a refreshable braille display.

A1   B2   C3   D4   E5   F6   G7   H8   I9   J0
X.   X.   XX   XX   X.   XX   XX   X.   .X   .X
..   X.   ..   .X   .X   X.   XX   XX   X.   XX
..   ..   ..   ..   ..   ..   ..   ..   ..   ..

K    L    M    N    O    P    Q    R    S    T
X.   X.   XX   XX   X.   XX   XX   X.   .X   .X
..   X.   ..   .X   .X   X.   XX   XX   X.   XX
X.   X.   X.   X.   X.   X.   X.   X.   X.   X.

U    V    W    X    Y    Z
X.   X.   .X   XX   XX   X.
..   X.   XX   ..   .X   .X
XX   XX   .X   XX   XX   XX

Capital   Number                       Question
sign      sign      Period    Comma    mark
..        .X        ..        ..       ..
..        .X        XX        X.       X.
.X        XX        .X        ..       XX

          Exclam.   Opening   Closing
Semicolon point     quote     quote    Bracket  Hyphen
..        ..        ..        ..       ..       ..
X.        XX        X.        .X       XX       ..
X.        X.        XX        XX       XX       XX

.X XX
.X X.
XX ..

The Braille alphabet in Unicode characters:

Braille	Letter	Braille	Letter
⠁	A 1	⠞	T
⠃	B 2	⠥	U
⠉	C 3	⠧	V
⠙	D 4	⠺	W
⠑	E 5	⠭	X
⠋	F 6	⠽	Y
⠛	G 7	⠵	Z
⠓	H 8	⠠	Capital sign
⠊	I 9	⠼	Number sign
⠚	J 0	⠲	Period
⠅	K	⠂	Comma
⠇	L	⠦	Question mark
⠍	M	⠆	Semicolon
⠝	N	⠖	Exclamation mark
⠕	O	⠦	Opening quote
⠏	P	⠴	Closing quote
⠟	Q	⠶	Bracket
⠗	R	⠤	Hyphen
⠎	S

Braille transcription

Although it is possible to transcribe Braille by simply substituting the equivalent Braille character for its printed equivalent, such a character-by-character transcription, known as Grade 1 Braille, is used only by beginners.

Braille characters are much larger than their printed equivalents, and the standard 11" by 11" (28 cm × 28 cm) page only has room for 25 lines of 40 characters. To reduce space and increase reading speed, virtually all Braille books are transcribed in what is known as Grade 2 Braille, which uses a system of contractions to reduce space and speed the process of reading. As with most human linguistic activities, Grade 2 Braille embodies a complex system of customs, styles, and practices. The Library of Congress's Instruction Manual for Braille Transcribing runs to nearly 200 pages. Braille transcription is skilled work and Braille transcribers need to pass certification tests.

The system of Grade 2 Braille contractions begins with a set of 23 words which are contracted to single characters. Thus the word but is contracted to the single letter b, can to c, do to d, and so on. Even this simple rule creates issues requiring special cases; for example, d is, specifically, an abbreviation of the verb do; the noun do representing the note of the musical scale is a different word, and must be spelled out.

Portions of words may be contracted, and many rules govern this process. For example, the numeral 6 stands for "ff," but may only be used within a word, not at the beginning or end.

The contraction rules take into account the linguistic structure of the word; thus, contractions are not to be used when their use would alter the usual braille form of a base word to which a prefix or suffix has been added. And some portions of the transcription rules are not fully codified and rely on the judgement of the transcriber. Thus, when the contraction rules permit the same word in more than one way, preference is given to "the contraction that more nearly approximates correct pronunciation."

Grade 3 Braille is a system that includes many additional contractions, almost a shorthand; it is not used for publication, but is used mostly for individuals for their personal convenience.

External links

• Unicode reference glyphs for Braille patterns
• Robert B. Irwin's As I Saw It, 1955, gives a history of the "War of the Dots" that ultimately led to the adoption of the English form of the braille literary code in the United States and the demise of American braille and New York Point, its main competitors.