(formerly Encyclopedic directory)
The Trade Union Movement
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Robert Applegarth
Led the campaign to have the Minority Report accepted by the new Liberal government.
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/TUapplegarth.htm
George Potter
Established a trade union weekly newspaper, the Bee-Hive; gave support to trade unionists.
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/TUpotter.htm
Harry Gosling
Elected to the Trade Union Congress parliamentary committee; a member of the House of Commons.
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/TUgosling.htm
Joseph Clynes
Was given the post as leader of the House of Commons.
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/TUclynes.htm
Will Crooks
Became chairman of the Public Control Committee and in this post promoted fair wages.
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/TUcrooks.htm
1817 Gagging Acts
Banned meetings of over fifty people and made magistrates to arrest everyone suspected of spreading libel.
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/PRgagging.htm
1825 Combination Act
Made it illegal for workers to join to press their employers for shorter hours or may pay.
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/Lcombination25.htm
1871 Trade Union Act
Secured the legal status of trade unions.
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/Ltrade.htm
1906 Trades Disputes Act
Removed trade union liability for damage by strike action.
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/Ldisputes.htm
1825 Combination Acts
Took action against political agitation among industrial workers.
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/Lcombination.htm
John Hodge
President of the Iron & Steel Trades Confederation.
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/TUhodge.htm
Robert Smillie
Opposed to Britain's involvement in the First World War; played an active role in the Miners' Federation of Great Britain.
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/TUsmillie.htm
Frederic Harrison
Developed radical political views; refused to sign the Majority Report; appointed alderman of the new London County Council.
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/TUharrison.htm
George Barnes
A full-time union official; formed the National Committee of Organised Labour for Old Age Pensions.
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/TUbarnes.htm
Ben Tillett
Led a strike at Tilbury Dock; became involved in the London Dock Strike; one of England's leading socialists.
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/REtillett.htm
Alexander Macdonald
A member of the Royal Commission on Trade Unions; joined as the first working-class members of the House of Commons.
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/TUmacdonald.htm
Thomas Burt
Campaigned for reform of the 1871 Trade Union Act.
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/TUburt.htm
1913 Trade Union Act
Gave unions the right to divide its subscriptions into a political and a social fund.
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/Ltrade13.htm
1927 Trade Disputes and Trade Union Act
Outlawed general strikes and sympathetic strikes, and banned civil servants from joining unions.
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/Ltrade27.htm
The Poor Man's Guardian
Paper published arguing that the real struggle was for universal suffrage.
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/PRpoor.htm
The Republican
A radical journal criticizing the government about the Peterloo Massacre.
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/PRrepublican.htm
Manchester Chronicle
A newspaper that had a loyal following with those who opposed social reform.
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/PRchronicle.htm
The Black Dwarf
A new radical unstamped journal, which was critical of Lord Liverpool and his government.
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/PRblack.htm
The Northern Star
Contained reports on Chartist meets all over Britain.
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/CHnorthern.htm
The Red Republican
Educated working class readers about socialism and internationalism.
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/CHrepublican.htm
Justice
Social Democratic Federation's weekly newspaper.
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/Jjustice.htm
The Clarion
A socialist weekly established by Robert Blatchford in 1890.
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/Jclarion.htm
The Labour Elector
A paper campaigning for the eight-hour day and denouncing bad employers.
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/Jlabour.htm
The Commonweal
Believed that the main function of all socialist organisations was to "educate the people."
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/Jcommonweal.htm
The Bee-Hive
A trade union weekly newspaper established in 1861.
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/Jbeehive.htm
Conspiracy and Protection of Property Act
Made it legal for an individual to stop work.
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/Lconspiracy.htm
Masters and Servants Act
Narrowly defined the rights of trade unions as meeting to bargain over wages and conditions.
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/Lmasters.htm
The Sheffield Outrages
Trade unionists used arson and murder to intimidate non-unionists.
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/TUsheffield.htm
Royal Commission on Trade Unions
Set up by Earl of Derby; Robert Applegarth was chosen as a union observer of the proceedings.
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/TUroyal.htm
Trade Union Congress
Held a meeting every year to discuss issues of importance to the labour movement.
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/TUtuc.htm
The Matchgirls' Strike
Protested working conditions and fines imposed upon women at Bryant & May in 1888.
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/TUmatchgirls.htm
London Dockers' Strike
Resulted from a dispute over pay and conditions in 1888.
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/TUdockers.htm
Bloody Sunday
A meeting of the Social Democratic Federation that was banned, but continued and was attacked by the police.
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/TUbloody.htm
The 1926 General Strike
In response to the announcement of reduction of miner's wages; known as Red Friday.
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/TUgeneral.htm
George Howell
Campaigned for universal suffrage; published several books on trade unionism.
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/TUhowell.htm
James Keir Hardie
Devoted to improving the organisation of the Independent Labour Party.
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/PRhardie.htm
Tom Mann
A strong advocate of the eight-hour day.
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/REmann.htm
Annie Besant
Member of the Secular Society; wrote and published her own book advocating birth control entitled The Laws of Population.
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/Wbesant.htm
John Burns
Elected to represent Battersea in the House of Commons.
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/REburns.htm
Will Thorne
Helped to establish the National Union of Gasworkers & General Labourers.
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/TUthorne.htm
Mary Gawthorpe
Became the full-time organizer of the Women's Social and Political Union in Leeds.
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/Wgawthorpe.htm
Henry Broadhurst
Campaigned to reduce the working week and an increase the wage in the building industry.
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/TUbroadhurst.htm
Isabella Ford
An important writer of books on the struggle for equality.
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/Wford.htm
Clementina Black
Became a member of the Women's Trade Union League; wrote several books on the problem of low pay.
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/Wblack.htm
1819 Six Acts
Six measures attempting to suppress radical newspapers and meetings.
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/PRsix.htm
Margaret Bondfield
Became one of the first women to enter the House of Commons. She was elected as a labour MP.
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/Wbondfield.htm
Hannah Mitchell
Became a full-time worker for the Women's Social and Political Union; joined the Independent Labour Party in 1914.
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/Wmitchell.htm
Jimmy Thomas
Important figure in the amalgamation of several unions to form the National Union of Railwaymen.
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/TUthomas.htm
Arthur Henderson
Elected as a paid organizer of the Iron Founders Union. Main person responsible for Labour and the Nation pamphlet.
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/TUhenderson.htm
The New Statesman
Regular articles that were published by the Fabian Society, which ended up recruiting over 2,000 people to become subscribers.
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/Jstatesman.htm
Lansbury's Labour Weekly
Provided an important source of news during the 1926 General Strike.
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/Jlansbury.htm
Tribune
Newspaper attempting to recreate the Labour Party as a truly socialist organization.
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/Jtribune.htm
Gas Workers Union
Formed in 1889 to protect gas workers from the power of their employers.
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/TUgas.htm
Ernest Bevin
Was opposed to the forming of the Triple Alliance with the miners and railwaymen.
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/TUbevin.htm
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