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Jeremy Bentham
Philosopher, legal theorist and reformer, and political radical. Argued in favor of universal suffrage, annual parliaments and vote by ballot in his book, Constitutional Code. Includes excerpts. (1748-1832)
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/PRbentham.htm
Henry Hetherington
Published a series of radical newspapers and punished for his activities. Campaigned against child labor, the 1834 Poor Law and political corruption. Includes excerpts from writings about his viewpoints and activities. (1792-1849)
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/IRhetherington.htm
Tom Paine
Journalist and author of Common Sense, a pamphlet that attacked the British Monarchy and argued for American independence. Wrote The Rights of Man, in which he attacked hereditary government and argued for equal political rights. The book also recommended progressive taxation, family allowances, old age pensions, maternity grants and the abolition of the House of Lords. (1737-1809)
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/PRpaine.htm
The Labour Party
Features brief history, total votes and percentages in general elections covering the years from 1900-1987. Includes posters and short commentaries.
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/Plabour.htm
The Poor Man's Guardian
Published by Henry Hetherington in 1831 and closely associated with the National Union of the Working Classes. Argued that the real struggle was for universal suffrage. Ceased publication in 1835.
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/PRpoor.htm
Manchester Chronicle
Tory newspaper founded by Charles Wheeler in 1781. Achieved popularity with readers who opposed social reform. Ceased publication in 1842. Includes several excerpts from the August 21, 1819 edition.
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/PRchronicle.htm
The Republican
Radical journal first published as Sherwin's Political Register in 1817 by Richard Carlile, a journalist. After full report of the Peterloo Massacre, Carlile changed the journal's name. He was guilty of blasphemy and seditious libel. Sentenced to three years in prison, he continued to write and edit from his prison cell.
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/PRrepublican.htm
Richard Carlile
Publisher of a radical newspaper, The Republican. Served prison term for violation of seditious libel laws. Strong supporter of women's rights and campaigned against child labor. Includes excerpts from his writings. (1790-1843)
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/PRcarlile.htm
Mary Wollstonecraft
Wrote a pamphlet, A Vindication of the Rights of Man, in which she opposed the slave trade, the game laws and way that the poor were treated. In another book, Vindication of the Rights of Women, she argued for the equality of women. (1759-1797)
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/PRwollstonecraft.htm
Robert Blatchford
Founded the Manchester Fabian Society and published a socialist newspaper, The Clarion. Changed his views on equal rights and strongly opposed the policies of the NUWSS and the WSPU. (1851-1943)
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/Jblatchford.htm
Fanny Wright
Wrote book, Views of Society and Manners in America, which praised America's experiments in democracy. Advocated socialism, the abolition of slavery, universal suffrage, free secular education, birth control, changes in the marriage and divorce laws. (1795-1852)
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/REwright.htm
Elizabeth Pease
Supported of universal suffrage and believed that most of the problems afflicting British society was due to "class legislation". Became member of the Peace Society and the Temperance Society and also took part in the anti-vivisection campaign. (1807-1897)
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/REpeaseE.htm
Thomas Muir
Was a lawyer and critic of a legal system that he believed was biased in favor of the rich. Advocated parliamentary reform. (1765-1799)
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/PRmuir.htm
Thomas Spence
Radical journalist and advocate for women's rights. Campaigned for changes in the law to make it possible for working people to be able to obtain a divorce. Includes excerpts from his writings. (1750-1814)
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/PRspence.htm
The Northern Star
First edition published by Feargus O'Connor in 1837. Contained reports on Chartist meets all over Britain and its letter's page enabled supporters to join the debate on parliamentary reform. Ceased publication in December, 1852.
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/CHnorthern.htm
The Black Dwarf
A radical unstamped journal, which was critical of Lord Liverpool and his government. Regularly called for parlementary reform.
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/PRblack.htm
Lansbury's Labour Weekly
Left-wing newspaper first published in 1925. Rapidly reached a circulation of 172,000 and provided an important source of news during the 1926 General Strike. Ceased publication in 1927.
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/Jlansbury.htm
Tribune
Left-wing weekly newspaper first published in 1936. Mission was to recreate the Labour Party as a truly socialist organization.
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/Jtribune.htm
Charles Kingsley
Clergyman, novelist and poet active in the socalist movement of the late 1800's. Author of The Water Babies. Includes short biography and photo. (1810-1875)
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/REkingsley.htm
Thomas Hughes
Novelist, reformist and jurist. Helped form the Christian Socialist movement. Author of Tom Brown's Schooldays. Includes short biography and photo. (1822-1896)
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/REhughes.htm
James Keir Hardie
Elected to House of Commons and campaigned for the reform of Parliament. Supported the women's suffrage movement, the payment of MPs and the abolition of the House of Lords. As a pacifist tried to organize a national strike against Britain's participation in the war. (1856-1915)
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/PRhardie.htm
Stewart Headlam
Ordained and appointed curate of St. John's Church in Drury Lane. Argued for a tax on land and the redistribution of wealth as a means of ending poverty. He also denounced wealth as robbery and inconsistent with Christianity. Became a leader in the Fabian Society.
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/REheadlam.htm
Ethel Annakin Snowden
Active in the Labour party during the early 1900s, helped form a branch of the Nation Union of Women's Suffrage Societies in Leeds. Was a pacifist and refused to support Britain's involvement in the First World War. Active member of the Women's Peace Crusade. (1880-1951).
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/Wsnowden.htm
Ben Tillett
Led a strike at Tilbury Dock; became involved in the London Dock Strike; one of England's leading socialists.
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/REtillett.htm
Margaret McMillan
Christian Socialist who, with her sister Rachel, helped workers during the London Dock Strike. Concentrated on trying to improve the physical and intellectual welfare of children living in the slums and led campaigns for school lunch programs and clinics. Established a new college named in memory of her late sister to train nurses and teachers. (1860-1931)
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/Wmcmillan.htm
George Lansbury
Labour member of Parliament. Reformer who campaigned against poverty and for woman suffrage. A lifelong pacifist, he defended conscientious objectors during World War I. (1859-1940)
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/PRlansbury.htm
Rachel McMillan
Christian Socialist who, with her sister Margaret, helped workers during the London Dock Strike. Concentrated on trying to improve the physical and intellectual welfare of children living in the slums and led campaigns for school lunch programs and clinics. (1859-1917)
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/WmcmillanR.htm
Katharine Glasier
Christian Socialist who supported the campaign for complete adult suffrage. Became editor of the Labour Leader newspaper and took an anti-war stand. Includes excerpts from various writings. (1867-1950)
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/Wglasier.htm
John Burns
Appointed as President of the Board of Trade in 1914. Opposed to Britain's involvement in a European conflict and along with John Morley and Charles Trevelyan, resigned from the government. (1858-1943)
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/REburns.htm
The Red Republican
Newspaper established by George Julian Harney. Attempted to educate working class readers about socialism and internationalism. Ceased publication in December, 1850.
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/CHrepublican.htm
Justice
Weekly newspaper published by the Social Democratic Federation in 1884. Continued publication until 1925.
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/Jjustice.htm
The Clarion
A socialist weekly established by Robert Blatchford in 1890.
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/Jclarion.htm
The Labour Elector
Founded by Henry Hyde Champion, Tom Mann and John Burns in 1888. Paper campaigned for the eight-hour day, denounced bad employers and criticized trade union Liberal MPs in the House of Commons.
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/Jlabour.htm
The Commonweal
Socialist journal of the late 1800`s.
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/Jcommonweal.htm
The Bee-Hive
A trade union weekly newspaper established in 1861, biased heavily towards socialist and labour issues.
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/Jbeehive.htm
Tom Mann
Joined the Amalgamated Society of Engineers and soon afterwards participated in his first strike. He also became a member of the Fabian Society and the Battersea branch of the Social Democratic Federation. Leading trade unionist and advocated the eight-hour day. (1856-1941)
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/REmann.htm
The New Statesman
Journal of the Fabian Society and first published in 1912. Became Britain's leading intellectual weekly under editorship of Kingsley Martin.
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/Jstatesman.htm
Arthur Henderson
Elected as a paid organizer of the Iron Founders Union. Main person responsible for Labour and the Nation, a pamphlet that attempted to clarify the political aims of the Labour Party. MP for Widnes in the House of Commons. (1863-1935)
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/TUhenderson.htm
Philip Snowden
National chairman of the Independent Labour Party. Wrote about his views on Christian Socialism, the Temperance Movement and economics issues in The Socialist's Budget, Old Age Pensions, Socialism and the Drink Question, Socialism and Teetotalism, and the Living Wage. (1864-1937)
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/REsnowden.htm
Beatrice Webb
Writer of such books as The History of Trade Unionism and Industrial Democracy. She also helped found the London School of Economics and Political Science. Includes detailed history and accomplishments. (1858 - 1943)
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/TUwebbB.htm
H. G. Wells
Novelist and historian. Member of the Fabian Society for a short period. Argued that society had reached the stage where it needed world government and strongly supported the League of Nations that was established after the First World War. Includes excerpts from his works and photo. (1866-1946)
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/Jwells.htm
Walter Crane
Supported the Liberal Party. Developed socialistic views and spoke out in favor of the Communards who attempted to overthrow the French government in 1871. Acquired reputation as an illustrator, whose work appeared on posters, pamphlets, membership cards and trade union banners, and books and journals that advocated socialism. (1845-1915)
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/Jcrane.htm
William Hewins
Was first director of the London School of Economics and held the post until 1903 when he resigned to work for Joseph Chamberlain and his tariff reform campaign. Elected as the MP for Hereford and in 1917 appointed as Under-Secretary of State for the Colonies. (1865-1931)
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/TUlewins.htm
Graham Wallas
Became one of the three leaders of the Fabian Society. Elected to the London School Board in 1894 and chaired its School Management Committee. Argued for the humanizing of modern life and believed that educators should pay more attention to human beings than institutions. (1858-1932)
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/TUwallas.htm
Clifford Allen
Member and supporter of socialist and labour organizations, including the Fabian Society. Also noted as a pacifist who helped form the No-Conscription Fellowship (NCF), an organization that encouraged men to refuse war service. Refusing to serve in the British Armed Forces, he spent 16 months in prison. (1889-1939)
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/TUallen.htm
James Ramsay MacDonald
Born in Scotland, he became leader of the Labour Party in 1911. Became Britain's first Labour prime minister in 1923 for one year, when his government fell. Was a pacifist and unwilling to support Britain's involvement in the First World War. (1866-1937).
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/PRmacdonald.htm
Maud Pember Reeves
Active in a variety of women's organizations including the Women's Trade Union League, the NUWSS and the National Anti-Sweating League. A socialist and was active in the Fabian Society. (1865-1953)
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/PHpember.htm
Edward Pease
Appointed secretary of the Fabian Society, a Socialist debating group. Member of the Independent Labour Party. Served on the Labour Representation Committee (named the Labour Party after 1906) and held the post for the next fourteen years. (1857-1955)
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/TUpease.htm
Bertrand Russell
Member of the Fabian Society and founding member of the Union of Democratic Control (UDC), the most important of the anti-war organizations during the First World War. Wrote Political Ideals: Roads to Freedom. (1872-1970)
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/TUrussell.htm
Clement Attlee
Member of the Labour Party. Served as prime minister from 1945-51. Presided over a number of social reforms, including establishment of the National Health Service and nationalization of some industries, services and the Bank of England. (1883-1967)
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/TUattlee.htm
Frank Podmore
Member of the Fabian Society. Wrote a two-volume book about Robert Owen in which he argued that Owen was the founding father of both socialism and spiritualism. (1856-1910)
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/TUpodmore.htm
Henry Havelock Ellis
Member of the Fabian Society, a Socialist debating group. Was a supporter of sexual liberation. Wrote his six-volume Studies in the Psychology of Sex. The books, published between 1897 and 1910 were controversial and banned for several years. (1859-1939)
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/TUhavelock.htm
Donald Soper
Joined the Labour Party and fiercely attacked capitalism and the arms trade. Other issues that concerned him included blood sports, child labor and inadequate state help for the poor. Wrote many books on Christianity, social questions, pacifism and international issues. (1903-1998)
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/TUsoper.htm
Hubert Bland
One of the founders of the Fabian Society. Rejected extremism and advocated what became known as gradualism. Joined the Independent Labour Party. Was an opponent of women's rights. (1855-1914)
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/TUbland.htm
Edith Nesbit
Author of 44 children's books, and regular lecturer and writer on socialism throughout the 1880s. Helped form the Fabian Society. Includes biography and a photo. (1858-1924)
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/TUnesbit.htm
Sydney Olivier
Secretary of the Fabian Society. Contributed articles to its journal, Today. (1859-1943)
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/TUoliver.htm
William Clarke
Joined the Fabian Society and contributed the article, the Industrial Basis of Socialism, to the book Essays in Fabian Socialism, edited by George Bernard Shaw. Wrote articles for the Spectator and the Economist.(1852-1901)
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/TUclarke.htm
Henry Snell
Member of the Labour Party and represented Woolwich in London in the 1922 General Election. Converted to socialism and joined the Fabian Society. Became leader of the Labour Party in the House of Lords. (1865-1944)
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/TUsnell.htm
George Bernard Shaw
Author, playwright and socialist. Became an active member of the Social Democratic Federation, the Fabian Society and the Socialist League. Wrote plays dealing with issues such as poverty and women's rights and implied that socialism could help solve the problems created by capitalism. (1856-1950)
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/Jshaw.htm
Sidney Webb
Member of the Fabian Society. Sought an end to the laissez-faire and urged the government to play a more active role in regulating the economy. Influenced the development of the Welfare State. Drafted the 1902 Education Act and was a strong critic of the Poor Law system. (1859-1947)
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/TUwebbS.htm
H. M. Hyndman
Apostle of Karl Marx. Formed Britain's first socialist political party, the Social Democratic Federation. Favored demand for universal suffrage and the nationalization of the means of production and distribution. (1842-1921)
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/TUhyndman.htm
G. D. Cole
Long-time member of the Fabian Society. Became Labour correspondent for the Manchester Guardian and was professor of social and political theory at University College in Oxford. (1889-1959)
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/TUcole.htm
Edward Carpenter
Established himself as a poet of democracy and socialism with books like Towards Democracy, and England's Ideal. He also wrote socialist songs and hymns such as England Arise! that were used by the Labour Church movement in the 1890s. (1844-1929)
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/TUcarpenter.htm
Will Thorne
Helped to establish the National Union of Gasworkers and General Labourers. Led successful negotiations for an eight-hour day. Represented West Ham in the House of Commons in the 1906 General Election. (1857-1946)
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/TUthorne.htm
John Wheatley
Elected to the Lanarkshire County Council and proposed a scheme for building municipal cottages in Glasgow for the working class instead of tenements. Represented the Labour Party in the House of Commons. (1869-1930)
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/TUwheatley.htm
Robert Cunninghame Graham
Elected to the House of Commons and was concerned about the plight of the unemployed and the preservation of civil liberties. Supported the eight-hour work day. Elected President of the National Party of Scotland. (1852-1936)
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/TUcunninghame.htm
George Barnes
Elected as General Secretary of the Amalgamated Society of Engineers. Formed the National Committee of Organised Labour for Old Age Pensions. Became leader of the Labour Party in 1910. (1859-1940)
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/TUbarnes.htm
Will Crooks
Was chairman of the Public Control Committee and promoted fair wages. Became the first working-class member of the Poplar Board of Guardians. Helped establish the National Committee on Old Age Pensions. (1852-1921)
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/TUcrooks.htm
Fred Jowett
Socialist who founded a branch of the Independent Labour Party in Bradford. Opposed war involvement and supported those who resisted conscription and demanded heavy taxation on wartime profits. Includes excerpts from various writings. (1864-1944)
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/TUjowett.htm
Selina Cooper
Joined a branch of the Cotton Worker's Union and became involved in a trade union dispute. Supporter of women's suffrage and developed a national reputation for her passionate speeches in favor of women's rights. Elected to Independent Labour Party. Includes excerpts from various writings. (1864-1946)
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/Wcooper.htm
Teresa Billington
Member of the Independent Labour Party in Manchester and became involved in trade issues. Founded the Women's Freedom League in 1907. Campaigned to increase the number of women in the House of Commons. (1877-1964)
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/Wbillington.htm
Fenner Brockway
Editor of the ILP newspaper, the Labour Elector. During the 1926 General Strike became editor of the Trade Union Congress newspaper, the British Worker. Wrote over twenty books on politics, including four volumes of autobiography. Includes excerpts from writings. (1888-1988)
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/TUbrockway.htm
Richard Pankhurst
Joined the Liberal Party and was active in the campaign for social reform. Joined the Fabian Society and played a leading role in the protest against police behavior during the events of Bloody Sunday in 1887. (1834-1898)
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/TUpankhurst.htm
Isabella Ford
Interested in women's rights. Helped form the Leeds Women's Suffrage Society and the Leeds branch of the Independent Labour Party (ILP). An important writer of books on the struggle for equality. Includes excerpts from articles dealing with the women suffragists and trade unions. (1855-1924)
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/Wford.htm
Christabel Pankhurst
Activist in the women's suffrage movement, with early ties to the socialist and trade union movements.
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/WpankhurstC.htm
William Morris
Joined the Social Democratic Federation and began contributing articles to its journal, Justice. Helped form the Socialist League and was the the main contributor to the party's journal, Commonweal. Includes excerpts from his writings. (1834-1896)
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/Jmorris.htm
Eleanor Marx
Youngest daughter of Karl Marx. Advocated "Revolutionary International Socialism" and in 1885 helped organize the International Socialist Congress in Paris. Became active in trade unions. (1855-1898)
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/Wmarx.htm
John Bruce Glasier
One of the leading Social Democratic Federation activists in Scotland. Contributor to many socialist newspapers. Considered to be one of four main leaders of the Independent Labour Party. (1859-1920)
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/TUglasier.htm
Henry Hyde Champion
Editor of the journal, the Christian Socialist. Member of the Social Democratic Federation. Supported the formation of the Independent Labour Party in 1894. (1859-1928)
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/TUchampion.htm
Harry Quelch
Influenced by Karl Marx's Das Capital and converted to revolutionary socialism. Active member of the Social Democratic Federation and represented the SDF at the Trade Union Congress in the early 1890s. (1858-1913)
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/TUquelch.htm
Ernest Belfort Bax
Joined the Social Democratic Federation, then left to form the Socialist League. Wrote books in which he argued that Christian ethics was gradually being replaced by the Utilitarian idea that ethical change was produced by the needs of society rather than from a supernatural level.(1854-1918)
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/TUbax.htm
Charlotte Despard
Active in the labour, trade union, and women's suffrage movements. Helped form the Women's Freedom League (WFL) and urged members not to pay taxes and to boycott the 1911 Census. Pacifist during the war. In the 1920s became involved in the Sinn Fein campaign for a united Ireland. Includes excerpts from her speeches. (1844-1939)
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/Wdespard.htm
Edward Aveling
Elected to the London School Board and promoted free, elementary schooling for the working class. Joined with Friedrich Engels to form a new Marxist working class party. (1849-1898)
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/TUaveling.htm
Muriel de la Warr
Played a very important role in the feminist and socialist movement. Gave financial support to many campaigns such as the fights for women's suffrage, trade union rights and self-determination for India.
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/Wwarr.htm
Sylvia Pankhurst
Wrote The History of the Women's Suffrage Moveme
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