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Henry Hetherington
Biography of journalist Henry Hetherington and bibliography including comments on each work.
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/IRhetherington.htm
Tom Paine
An abolitionist, critic of religion and advocate of the abolition of monarchy in favor of democracy, Thomas Paine authored The Age of Reason and The Rights of Man(1737-1809).
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/PRpaine.htm
James Wroe
Journalist and publisher of radical newspaper, the Manchester Observer. Helped form the Patriotic Union Society, a group dedicated to obtain parliamentary reform. (1788-1844)
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/PRwroe.htm
Daniel Defoe
Novelist and political journalist. Published over 560 books and pamphlets and is considered to be the founder of British journalism. Includes short biography. (1660-1731)
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/Jdefoe.htm
Harriet Martineau
Biography of journalist Harriet Martineau and bibliography including comments on each work.
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/Wmartineau.htm
James Watson
Journalist. Publisher of the newspaper, the Working Man's Friend, in which he attacked the 1832 Reform Act.(1799-1874).
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/CHwatson.htm
Fanny Wright
Biography of writer Fanny Wright and bibliography including comments on each work.
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/REwright.htm
Thomas Carlyle
Writer and journalist who initially held progressive political views, and became increasingly conservative (1795-1881).
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/Jcarlyle.htm
William Benbow
A journalist whose radical views lead to his death in prison, he supported universal suffrage, annual parliaments and the secret ballot (1784-1841).
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/CHbenbow.htm
Ernest Jones
Biography of journalist Ernest Jones and bibliography including comments on each work.
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/CHjones.htm
Henry Mayhew
Biography of journalist Henry Mayhew and bibliography including comments on each work.
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/Jmayhew.htm
Charles Dickens
Noted novelist. Contributor of reformist political articles to newspapers including the True Sun. Established and edited several periodicals including the Daily News, Household Words, and All the Year Round.
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/PRdickens.htm
John Cleave
Worked with Henry Hetherington in the Civil and Religious Association. Started newspaper "Cleave's Weekly Police Gazette" and campaigned for political reform. (1790-1847)
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/CHcleave.htm
John Ruskin
Was one of Britain's leading writers on culture. Became interested in politics. In his books he argued against competition and self-interest and advocated a form of Christian Socialism. (1819-1900)
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/Jruskin.htm
George Holyoake
Biography of journalist George Holyoake and bibliography including comments on each work.
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/PRholyoak.htm
John Stuart Mill
Wrote a large number of books on philosophy and economics, including A System of Logic; Principles of Political Economy; On Liberty; Considerations on Representative Government; and Utilitarianism. Served in the House of Commons. (1806-1873)
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/PRmill.htm
Celia Fiennes
Maintained a journal of travels across England that was later published in book form. (1662-1741)
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/Jfiennes.htm
Richard Carlile
Abstract: The son of a shoemaker from Ashburton in Devon, was born on 9th December, 1790. Richard's father abandoned the family in 1794 and it was a struggle for his mother to look after her three children from the profits of the small shop that she ran in Ashburton. Richard received six years free education from the local Church of England school and learnt to read and write. At the age of twelve Richard left school and was apprenticed as a tinplateman in Plymouth. He would go on to become one of the many who led the fight for a free press.
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/PRcarlile.htm
Joseph Gales
Unitarian, publisher of radical newspaper, and political activist who supported parliamentary reform and universal suffrage. (1761-1841)
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/PRgales.htm
William Cobbett
Founder of the Political Register, his critic of government frequently placed him in danger of being emprisoned(1763-1835).
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/PRcobbett.htm
Edward Baines Jr.
Biography of journalist Edward Baines Jr. and bibliography including comments on each work.
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/PRbaines.htm
John Wade
Journalist who wrote several articles in favor of parliamentary reform. (1788-1875)
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/PRwade.htm
William Thackeray
Contributor to Punch Magazine and more famously, author of Vanity Fair (1811-1863).
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/Jthackeray.htm
Charles Wentworth Dilke
Liberal author and journalist. (1789-1864)
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/Jdilke.htm
Blanchard Jerrold
Playwright, journalist, and editor of Lloyd's Weekly. (1826-1884)
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/JjerroldB.htm
The Observer
Abstract: The first edition of The Observer was published on 4th December 1791. Three years later the newspaper was £1,600 in debt. Although unwilling to buy The Observer, the government agreed to help subsidise the newspaper in return for influencing its content through editorials praising government's policy. It also guaranteed that the Observer would not give its support to other writers advocating parliamentary reform.
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/PRsundayobserver.htm
Charles Bradlaugh
Recognized as one of the leading freethinkers in Britain. Helped to establish the radical journal, The National Reformer in 1860. (1833-1891)
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/PRbradlaugh.htm
Angus Reach
Journalist for the Morning Chronicle in London, writer for Punch Magazine and joint editor of the journal, The Man in the Moon. Includes excerpts from his writing, biography and photo.
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/Jreach.htm
Charles Mackay
Journalist, poet, and assistant editor of the Morning Chronicle. (1814-1889)
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/Jmackay.htm
Shirley Brooks
Published in Punch Magazine where he raised awareness to the condition of the labouring class. He later edited the magazine (1816-1874).
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/Jbrooks.htm
George Sims
Biography of journalist George Sims and bibliography including comments on each work.
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/Jsims.htm
William Stead
This religious non-conformist who edited the Northern Echo and the Pall Mall Review supported the trade union movement, condemned the international arms race as well as child prostitution. A member of Parliament, he died in the sinking of the Titanic (1849-1912).
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/Jstead.htm
John Morley
Elected to the House of Commons in 1883. Staunch supporter of Irish Home Rule and parliamentary reform. Was opposed to Britain's involvement in the First World War and resigned from the government. (1838-1923)
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/Jmorley.htm
Robert Sherard
Abstract: Born in Melton Mowbray in 1861, the was the son of Rev. Bennet Sherard Kennedy and a great grandson of William Wordsworth. After being educated at Oxford University, he became a professional journalist working for a wide variety of different newspapers and magazines, particularly interested in writing about working conditions and urban poverty. He was commissioned by the editor of The London Magazine to write several articles on child labour. These collected articles were published as The Child Slaves of Britain in 1905. He died in 1943.
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/PHsherard.htm
James Greenwood
The son of a coach-builder, was born in London in the 1840s. As a young man he obtained employment on the Pall Mall Gazette, and later joined the Daily Telegraph. Sympathetic to the plight of the working-class, Greenwood wrote several articles highlighting the problems of poor housing and public heath.
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/PHgreenwood.htm
Hubert Bland
Biography of journalist Hubert Bland and bibliography including comments on each work.
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/TUbland.htm
George Lansbury
Biography of journalist George Lansbury and bibliography including comments on each work.
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/PRlansbury.htm
Robert Blatchford
Abstract: Born in Maidstone in 1851, the son of an actor, his father died when he was two and at the age of fourteen he was apprenticed as a brushmaker. He disliked the work and ran away to join the army where he reached the rank of sergeant major before leaving the service in 1878. After trying a variety of different jobs he became a freelance journalist. After working for several newspapers he became leader writer for the Sunday Chronicle in Manchester. While he became a socialist and lobbied for their cause, after the First World War he moved to the right and became a passionate advocate of the British Empire. Robert Blatchford died on 17th December 1943.
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/Jblatchford.htm
James Bronterre O'Brien
Journalist and editor of the Poor Man's Guardian. Active in the Chartist movement and was arrested and charged with making a seditious speech in Manchester. Wrote for other publications, such as The Reynolds Weekly and the Glasgow Sentinel. (1805-1864)
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/CHobrien.htm
George Julian Harney
Biography of journalist George Julian Harney and bibliography including comments on each work.
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/CHharney.htm
Henry George
Biography of journalist Henry George and bibliography including comments on each work.
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/Jgeorge.htm
Edith Nesbit
Biography of writer Edith Nesbit and bibliography including comments on each work.
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/TUnesbit.htm
Annie Besant
Noted Socalist, women's rights, and trade union activist during the late 1800's and early 1900's. Member of the Secular Society; wrote and published her own book advocating birth control entitled The Laws of Population.
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/Wbesant.htm
Tom Mann
A trade unionist and communist, Tom Mann was one of the three leaders of the London dock strike in 1889 (1856-1941).
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/REmann.htm
William Morris
A contributor to several publications, he was a vocal and impassioned advocate of revolutionary international socialism. He penned the utopia News From Nowhere (1834-1896).
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/Jmorris.htm
James Mill
Minister, historian, and journalist noted for "History of British India", a book which was completed in 1817.
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/Jmill.htm
Beatrice Webb
Writer of such books as The History of Trade Unionism and Industrial Democracy. She also helped found the London School of Economics and Political Science. Includes detailed history and accomplishments. (1858 - 1943)
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/TUwebbB.htm
Maude Pember Reeves
Abstract: The daughter of a bank manager, she was born in Australia in 1865. In her youth she had been involved in the successful campaign to obtain women the vote in New Zealand. Soon after arriving in England with her husband, she became active in a variety of women's organisations including the Women's Trade Union League, the NUWSSand the National Anti-Sweating League. She was a socialist and was active in the Fabian Society and in 1907 founded the Fabian Women's Group which campaigned for equal rights for women and state support for motherhood. After the outbreak of the First World War, she worked as Director of the Education and Propaganda Department of the Ministry of Food. She died in 1953.
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/PHpember.htm
George Orwell
Biography of writer George Orwell and bibliography including comments on each work.
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/Jorwell.htm
The North Briton
Abstract: In June 1762 MP John Wilkes established The North Briton, a weekly newspaper in opposition to The Briton, a journal that supported the Earl of Bute's administration as King George III's prime minister. For the next forty-five weeks the North Briton severely attacked the king and his Prime Minister. After one article Wilkes was arrested for seditious libel but at a court hearing the Lord Chief Justice ruled that as an MP, Wilkes was protected by privilege from arrest on a charge of libel. However, the government was successful in stopping Wilkes from publishing further editions of the North Briton.
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/Jbriton.htm
The Anti-Jacobin
Published from 20th November 1797 to 7th July 1798, intended to combat radical political ideas which emerged shortly after the French Revolution.
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/Janti.htm
The Times
The Times was founded in 1788 by newsprint publisher John Walter in the hopes of reaching a widespread audience. After Walter was imprisoned for printing a critique of the Prince of Wales, his son, John Walter II, steered The Times into further controversy by printing articles favoring parliamentary reform. The Times was later successively edited by Thomas Barnes, John Delane and Thomas Chernery. Purchased by Lord Northcliffe in 1908, who hired Geoffrey Dawson as an editor, and later Henry Wickham Steed., The Times was passed on to John Jacob Astor following Lord Northcliffe's death in 1922.
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/PRtimes.htm
Manchester Guardian
Abstract: The first edition appeared on Saturday 5th May, 1821 and cost 7d. The Manchester Guardian, like all newspapers based outside of London, could only afford to publish once a week. When the Manchester Guardian was first published in 1821, Manchester had six other weekly newspapers. With the arrival of the Manchester Guardian, the Manchester Observer decided to cease publication. A prospectus for the Guardian explained the aims and objectives of the proposed newspaper including the passage: "It will zealously enforce the principles of civil and religious Liberty, it will warmly advocate the cause of Reform; it will endeavour to assist in the diffusion of just principles of Political Economy."
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/PRguardian.htm
The Sheffield Register
Initially published by Joseph Gales in 1792, The Sheffield Register emphasized local concerns and disseminated radical political views. Gales stopped publishing and fleed England in 1794 to escape prosecution.
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/PRsheffield.htm
Manchester Observer
Abstract: Formed in January 1818 by a group of radicals, within twelve months the newspaper was selling 4,000 copies a week. It has been argued that the newspaper pioneered popular journalism with its racy style aimed at an literate working-class. Although it started as a local paper, by 1819 it was sold in most of the large towns and cities in Britain. James Wroe, the editor of the Manchester Observer, was at the St. Peter's Field meeting in 1819 and described the attack on the crowd in the next edition of the newspaper and is believed to be the first person to describe the incident as the Peterloo Massacre. With the arrival of the Manchester Guardian in 1821 the Manchester Observer decided to cease publication.
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/PRobserver.htm
Manchester Chronicle
Abstract: One of four Tory newspapers in Manchester during the early part of the 19th Century and the most popular Tory paper in the city, selling over 3,000 copies a week. Over half of the paper was taken up with advertisement. Although it was considered a dull newspaper, the Manchester Chronicle had a loyal following with those who opposed social reform. The Manchester Chronicle ceased publication in 1842.
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/PRchronicle.htm
Manchester Herald
Abstract: By the summer of 1791, the editors of the Manchester Mercury and the Manchester Chronicle became reluctant to give the reformers Thomas Walker and Thomas Cooper publicity. They decided to edit their own newspaper, the Manchester Herald. A local firm, Faulkner & Birch, agreed to print it and the first edition was published on 31st March 1792. By 1794 the authorities decided to prosecute the Manchester Herald out of existence. Within a short space of time the publishers of the newspaper were charged with five separate offences and after a year accepted defeat and ceased publication.
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/PRherald.htm
Political Register
Abstract: Started in 1802, The Political Register supported the Tories but he gradually became more radical. By 1815 the tax on newspapers had reached 4d. a copy and as few people could afford to pay 6d. or 7d., the tax restricted the circulation to people with fairly high incomes. Circulation was just over a thousand copies a week. The following year the Political Register was published as a pamphlet selling for only 2d. and it soon had a circulation of 40,000 as the main newspaper read by the working class.
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/PRregister.htm
The Republican
Abstract: Started in 1817 as Sherwin's Political Register, a full report of the Peterloo Massacre appeared in the next edition of the newspaper. The authorities responded by confiscating the complete stock of newspapers and pamphlets. In an attempt to keep in business, the newspaper changed it's name to the Republican. The first edition of the Republican contained a detailed article on the Peterloo Massacre. They also published Tom Paine's Common Sense, The Rights of Man and the Age of Reason. Due to the publicity created by the publisher being tried for seditious libel, the circulation of the newspaper increased dramatically and was now outselling pro-government newspapers such as The Times.
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/PRrepublican.htm
Manchester Exchange Herald
Abstract: Founded by Joseph Aston in 1809 the Exchange Herald appeared every Tuesday. John Aston, its founder virtually wrote the whole newspaper himself and it is believed that he was the author of the report that appeared in the Exchange Herald about the Peterloo Massacre in 1819.
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/PRexchange.htm
William Clarke
Contributor to The Spectator and The Economist, with socialist views (1852-1901).
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/TUclarke.htm
H. N. Brailsford
Biography of journalist H. N. Brailsford and bibliography including comments on each work.
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/Jbrailsford.htm
Katharine Glasier
Christian Socialist who supported the campaign for complete adult suffrage. Became editor of the Labour Leader newspaper and took an anti-war stand. Includes excerpts from various writings. (1867-1950)
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/Wglasier.htm
Fenner Brockway
Biography of journalist Fenner Brockway and bibliography including comments on each work.
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/TUbrockway.htm
Charles Masterman
Writer and politician. He wrote books such as From the Abyss and The Condition of England and served terms in both local and national governments. Includes brief history and accomplishments. (1873-1927)
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/PHmasterman.htm
H. G. Wells
Biography of journalist H. G. Wells and bibliography including comments on each work.
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/Jwells.htm
Harold Nicholson
Biography of journalist Harold Nicholson and bibliography including comments on each work.
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/Jnicholson.htm
J. B. Priestley
Biography of journalist J. B. Priestley and bibliography including comments on each work.
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/Jpriestley.htm
Liverpool Mercury
Abstract: This was one of the newspapers to have representatives on hand during the suppresion of a public meeting at St. Peter's Field in manchester, England on 16th August, 1819. John Smith, its editor escaped before the Manchester & Salford Yeomanry made their arrests. Writing a critical report on the behaviour of the soldiers at the Peterloo Massacre, Smith also published a pamphlet on the subject.
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/PRliverpool.mercury.htm
The Poor Man's Guardian
Abstract: The Poor Man's Guardian was published up until July 1831 as the Penny Papers. the publisher refused to pay the stamp duty on each paper sold. On the front page, where the red spot of the stamp duty should have been, Hetherington printed the slogan "Knowledge is Power". Underneath were the words, "Published in Defiance of the Law, to try the Power of Right against Might". By 1833 circulation had reached 22,000, with two-thirds of the copies being sold in the provinces. In a three year period, twenty-five of these forty agents went to prison for selling an unstamped newspaper. The campaign for an untaxed press obtained a boast in June 1834 when it was ruled that the Poor Man's Guardian was not an illegal publication. In December, 1835, it ceased publication.
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/PRpoor.htm
The Daily Telegraph
First published as the Daily Telegraph and Courier in 1855, and grew rapidly in circulation partly due to its pricing. Early on, leaned towards liberal causes such as abolishing capital punishment, but later favored Conservative interests.
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/Jtelegraph.htm
The Labour Elector
Founded by Henry Hyde Champion, Tom Mann and John Burns in 1888. Paper campaigned for the eight-hour day, denounced bad employers and criticized trade union Liberal MPs in the House of Commons.
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/Jlabour.htm
The Daily News
Published from 1846 to 1930, when it became the News Chronicle. Featured contributions by noted liberal authors including H. G. Wells, George Bernard Shaw, Henry Massingham, and Charles Mackay.
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/Jnews.htm
The Evening News
History and description of newspaper The Evening News.
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/Jevening.htm
The Bee-Hive
A trade union weekly newspaper established in 1861, biased heavily towards socialist and labour issues.
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/Jbeehive.htm
Workers' Dreadnought
First named the Women's Dreadnought when founded in 1912 by Sylvia Pankhurst, the Workers' Dreadnought had a socialist and feminist slant.
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/Jdreadnought.htm
The Daily Mail
First published in 1896, noted for focusing on readability and for catering to a general audience. Published prior to the first world war a series of articles warning against the dangers of a war with Germany.
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/Jmail.htm
Lansbury's Labour Weekly
Left-wing newspaper first published in 1925. Rapidly reached a circulation of 172,000 and provided an important source of news during the 1926 General Strike. Ceased publication in 1927.
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/Jlansbury.htm
Tribune
A leftist weekly founded by Victor Gollancz in 1936.
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/Jtribune.htm
Punch Magazine
Abstract: One evening in June, 1841, reforming liberals met to discuss the possibility of starting a new journal. The plan was to combine humour and political comment. the meeting someone remarked that a humourous magazine, like good punch, needed lemon ans so the name of the paper was born. Douglas Jerrold was probably the most important journalist on the magazine, but other writers contributed widely.
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/Jpunch.htm
The Edinburgh Review
History and description of newspaper The Edinburgh Review.
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/Jedinburgh.htm
The Quarterly Review
Abstract: Established in 1809 as a Tory rival to the Whig supporting Edinburgh Review, the idea for the journal came from Sir Walter Scott. The Quarterly Review stood politically for preserving the status quo. The journal was very hostile to the work of writers in favour of political reform. Writers such as Percy Bysshe Shelley, Leigh Hunt, William Hazlitt, Thomas Babington Macaulay and Charles Dickens all received hostile reviews in the journal, whereas the work of Jane Austin and Sir Walter Scott was warmly praised. It was alleged that John Wilson Croker's savage review of John Keat's Endymion contributed to the poet's early death. Th
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