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Programming Languages Table
By Capers Jones, Chairman, Software Productivity Research, Inc. Huge table of function point evaluation values (how many code lines needed for a task) compares 500 languages, dialects, and/or implementations.
http://www.theadvisors.com/langcomparison.htm
PL Prelim Notes
Lists and compares about 20 languages.
http://www.cs.colorado.edu/~humphrie/pl/
Guidelines for Choosing a Computer Language: Support for the Visionary Organizations
Multipage study compares: 4GL/5GL, 3GL (Ada 95, C, C++, COBOL, FORTRAN, Java, Smalltalk), 2GL (Assembly). Divides language (definition) from traits of products that implement and support it. Several sections, tables, appendixes.
http://archive.adaic.com/docs/reports/lawlis/content.htm
Sun's Comparison of Language Features
Table graphic, uses good-fair-poor metric, compares Java, Smalltalk, Tcl, Perl, Shells, C, C++.
http://www.npac.syr.edu/users/gcf/cps616java96/foilsepimagedir/023IMAGE.html
CLOS, Eiffel, and Sather: A Comparison
Comprehensive, many references; zipped Postscript, inlined gifs.
http://www.icsi.berkeley.edu/~sather/Publications/tr-91-047.html
Java vs. JavaScript
Similarities and Differences. From First Step Communications.
http://www.firststep.com.au/education/solid_ground/javadiff.html
Linea Engineering, Inc.: Getting The Biggest Bang For Your Buck
Compares VisualGen, Smalltalk, C++/Java, ANSI COBOL 85.
http://www.lineaengineering.com/Resources/Productivity_/productivity_.html
University of Michigan's Language Guide
Each entry includes history, description, code examples, and references.
http://www.engin.umd.umich.edu/CIS/course.des/cis400/
Comparing Development Costs of C and Ada
Article by Stephen F. Zeigler. Analysis of a case where most variables were controlled enough to make a comparison between development costs (time, error rates, code size, ...) of the 2 languages.
http://www.adaic.com/whyada/ada-vs-c/cada_art.html
C++??: A Critique of C++ (3rd ed.)
A critical view on the C++ and C programming language. [Postscript]
http://mis.ucd.ie/courses/misp617/mms406/CPPCV3.ps
Tcl Advocacy
Table, text, links compare Tcl, Perl, Python, JavaScript, Visual Basic.
http://www.tcl.tk/advocacy/
Is Turing a Better Language for Teaching Programming than Pascal?
Compares Turing to Pascal, long text document, no tables or graphs; by Jacqueline L. Martin, 1996, many references.
http://www.holtsoft.com/turing/essay.html
Advanced Programming Language Design
Book compares over 70 languages, and main classes: imperative, functional, object-oriented, dataflow, concurrent, declarative, aggregate. By Raphael Finkel, Addison-Wesley.
http://www.awprofessional.com/catalog/product.asp?product_id={92E30B39-5D91-45F9-9919-D202BE6341F9}
Ada versus Modula-3
Compares similarities and differences, by user of both languages.
http://archive.dstc.edu.au/AU/staff/crawley/ada/m3-vs-ada.html
Programming Language Critiques: Pascal, C, C++, and C-Linda
By Jim Basney. May 1995.
http://www.lernnetz-sh.de/kmlinux/doc/Pascal-Kurs/critique.html
TIOBE Programming Community Index
Monthly updated index that gives an indication of the popularity of programming languages.
http://www.tiobe.com/tpci.htm
Quantifying the Debate: Ada vs. C++
Tables and text compare Ada83, Ada95, C, C++; mainly costs, reliability. By Donald J. Reifer. [CrossTalk]
http://www.stsc.hill.af.mil/crosstalk/1996/07/quantify.asp
Developer's Dilemma: Perl or PHP?
By Joe "Zonker" Brockmeier. How to choose between two languages that are both very popular for Web development? Text, forum comments. [NewsFactor]
http://www.newsfactor.com/perl/story/19912.html
Java Benchmark
By Rene Grothmann. Compares sieve algorithm in Java and C/C++. Text, tables, live comparison applet.
http://mathsrv.ku-eichstaett.de/MGF/homes/grothmann/java/bench/Bench.html
Gnat and Linux: C++ and Java Under Fire
Compares Ada, Java, C, C++, Delphi. Text, tables. Gnat and Linux orientation. [Linux Gazette]
http://www.linuxgazette.com/issue33/burtch.html
Is Ada a Better C?
Compares Ada, C, C++, language facilities under DOS. Copy of article in EXE magazine, May 1997, originally titled "Ada better than C++?" Text and code samples.
http://www.beesknees.freeserve.co.uk/articles/ada-vs-cpp.html
The BNF Web Club Language
Browse, explore some programming language's syntactic rules. See relations between rules, understand them using BNF (Backus-Naur Form notation) and syntactic diagrams: SQL, PL/SQL, SQL2, IDL; Ada95, Java, Modula-2; Lazy, LISP, M5.
http://cui.unige.ch/db-research/Enseignement/analyseinfo/index.html
Informal Language Comparison Chart(s)
Links, and table comparing Ruby, Objective-C, Smalltalk-80 (old), SmallScript (Smalltalk-98 dialect), JavaScript 2.0 (ECMA Script), C#, C++, Java, Python, CLOS.
http://www.smallscript.org/Language%20Comparison%20Chart.asp
Inferno/Limbo vs. JavaOS/Java
A small overview of the differences between Inferno/Limbo and JavaOS/Java.
http://www.cs.hut.fi/~kny/inferno/compare.html
Is .NET's 'C' Sharper Than C++ or Java?
By Joe "Zonker" Brockmeier. Text compares a few aspects of C#, Java, C++. [NewsFactor]
http://www.newsfactor.com/perl/story/20584.html
Ted Shieh's Programming Language Comparison
A comparison of the features of and demand for some of the major programming languages.
http://www.liquidmarkets.com/?name=lc&id=3
Examples of Programs in Different Programming Languages
Compares 129 (or 157?) languages, via 418 code samples, and growing.
http://www.ntecs.de/old-hp/uu9r/lang/html/lang.en.html
Intelligent Systems
Table compares traits of DreamMaker, C/C++, Java/C#, Visual Basic, Assembly.
http://isdreamaker.com/dm_compare.htm
Programming Language Categories
Brief text compares 6 basic language types: general scripting, programmer scripting, application development, low-level, pure functional, complete core.
http://www.cs.oberlin.edu/~jwalker/languageCategories.html
Comparison of Oberon-2 with Modula-2
Short text summary of main features of Oberon-2; target audience: Modula-2 programmers unfamiliar with Oberon-2, but familiar with object-oriented and extensible programming concepts.
http://www.zel.org/oberon/compo2m2.htm
Programming Languages mini-HOWTO
Brief comparison of major Linux programming languages C, C++, Fortran, Java, Lisp, Perl, PHP, Python, Tcl; by Risto S. Varanka.
http://www.tldp.org/HOWTO/Programming-Languages.html
TMXxine Languages
Brief comparison Curl with High Level assembler, BCX, Dark Basic, Mono (C#/.Net implementation), Python, Squeak, XBasic/XBlite. Curl applet examples.
http://www.cyber-shaktipat.org/relax/languages.html
Nine Language Performance Round-up: Benchmarking Math & File I/O
Small-scale benchmark test run on 9 languages or variants: Java 1.3.1 and 1.4.2, C via gcc 3.3.1, Python 2.3.2 and via Psyco 1.1.1, 4 from Microsoft Visual Studio .NET 2003: Visual Basic/C#/C++/J#.
http://www.osnews.com/story.php?news_id=5602
Why I don't use C#
A non-compartive critique of the C# language by the creator of the Heron language.
http://www.heron-language.com/c-sharp-critique.html
My Programming Language Crisis
Some points on language design by Keith Waclena.
http://www.lib.uchicago.edu/keith/crisis/crisis.html
99 Bottles of Beer on the Wall
Shows source code implementation for the same simple program across over 250 different programming languages.
http://www.99-bottles-of-beer.net/
How Does Ruby Compare With Python?
By John Dell'Aquila. Text description, no code samples, Ruby Garden FAQ entry from comp.lang.python post.
http://www.rubygarden.org/iowa/faqtotum/abQVRnqSeWIdM/b/1.11.7.2.5
TUNES Project: Programming Languages
Over 200 languages described, mostly original commentary, many deep insights, over 1,000 links. [Open Content]
http://cliki.tunes.org/Programming%20Languages
Java and C++ Resource Management Comparison
Detailed discussion of the techniques used in Java and C++ to implement leak free and exception safe resource management. Covers memory management, finalizers, destructors and finally blocks with examples.
http://www.fatalmind.com/paper/java_vs_cplusplus/resource.pdf
Water Comparisons
Two medium length documents compare object-oriented languages: Water with ConciseXML syntax, to JSP (JavaServer Pages) and Java; 1 brief list compares Water to PHP.
http://www.waterlang.org/Comparisons.html
Io Comparisons
Compares a few variables (size, speed, syntax) in many languages: Brain, C, Cel, F-Script, Forth (gForth, pForth), Icon, Java (Kaffe), Lisp (CLisp, Guile, LispMe, Scheme48), Lua, Perl, Pike, Python, Ruby, Self, Smalltalk (GNU, Squeak, SuperCollider), Tcl.
http://www.iolanguage.com/comparisons/
Java and Smalltalk Syntax Compared
Table and notes compare some elements of syntax of Java 1.1 to Smalltalk-80.
http://www.chimu.com/publications/JavaSmalltalkSyntax.html
Ada95, Java, and C++
Some people think Java is like C++, but usual C++ idioms do not carry over to Java because Java is not a C++ superset or subset; Java is a derivation with many modifications, extensions. The language's syntax is alike, but semantics and philosophy is very different. Java is closer to Ada95 than to C++, syntax notwithstanding.
http://www.adahome.com/Resources/Languages/chart3.html
Fortran90 vs. Ada95
Compares Ada95 to Fortran90 via code samples, text. Well reasoned and written, many examples. Finds Ada equal or better than Fortran in all aspects but one marginal trait.
http://fedelma.astro.univie.ac.at/web/fortran90_ada95.html
Ada, C, C++, and Java vs. The Steelman
Compares 4 programming languages (Ada95, C, C++, Java) with the requirements of "Steelman", original 1978 requirements document for Ada language. Big detailed table.
http://www.adahome.com/History/Steelman/steeltab.htm
The Great Computer Language Shootout
A collection of banchmarks performed on 24 different languages. Includes a tool to grade languages depending on how well they did on tests that matter for you.
http://www.bagley.org/~doug/shootout/
Are scripting languages the wave of the future?
Programming guru, Robert Martin, on languages of the coming decade.
http://www.itworld.com/AppDev/1262/itw-0314-rcmappdevint/
ACM "Hello, World" Project
List of the famous "Hello, World!" programming teaching program, in hundreds of different languages.
http://www2.latech.edu/~acm/HelloWorld.shtml
Programmers: Otters with Rocks?
Discusses historical move from low level languages to higher level interpreted ones, productivity, future developments. Active feedback response. [ZDNet News]
http://zdnet.com.com/2100-11-529641.html
Comparisons of Tcl with Other Systems
Many comparisons between Tcl/Tk and other similar systems, most copied from comp.lang.tcl.
http://www.mathematik.uni-ulm.de/sai/ss96/uxdb2/comparison.html
Survey of Programming Languages Associated with the Web
General feature comparisons, explanations.
http://faculty.frostburg.edu/cosc/htracy/cosc120/MODULES120/NetPL/PL_Net.htm
An Empirical Comparison of C, C++, Java, Perl, Python, Rexx, and Tcl
By Lutz Prechelt. Neutral, quantitative analysis of 7 languages in title, for 7 variables, via 80 implementations of the same requirement set. PDF format. [IEEE Computer]
http://page.mi.fu-berlin.de/~prechelt/Biblio/jccpprt_computer2000.pdf
Dylan Competitive Analysis
Compares Dylan, Smalltalk, Objective-C, C/C++. Long document.
http://www.cs.dartmouth.edu/~brd/cs212/handouts/comparison.htm
VB or not VB
Visual Basic, VB.Net critiques in comparison with Delphi and C#.
http://www.shagrouni.com/english/software/vbnot.html
The C Family of Languages
Interview with Dennis Ritchie, Bjarne Stroustrup, James Gosling.
http://www.gotw.ca/publications/c_family_interview.htm
Object-Oriented Languages in the Industry: A Comparison
Table-based comparison of 4 major OO languages: Eiffel, C++, Java, Smalltalk. Criteria chosen to suggest where Eiffel is better.
http://archive.eiffel.com/doc/manuals/technology/oo_comparison/page.html
Timing Trials, or, the Trials of Timing: Experiments with Scripting and User-Interface Languages
By Brian Kernighan, Christopher Van Wyk. Compares how fast C, Awk, Perl, Tcl, Java, Visual Basic, Limbo, Scheme, run a range of representative tasks. Text, tables, graphs, code samples.
http://cm.bell-labs.com/cm/cs/who/bwk/interps/pap.html
What's Wrong with Perl
Author explains what he considers wrong about Perl, presents Python as an alternative. Descriptions, code samples, links.
http://www.garshol.priv.no/download/text/perl.html
Programming Language Comparison
Table compares popular object-oriented languages: Eiffel, Smalltalk, Ruby, Java, C++, Python, Perl, Visual Basic.
http://www.jvoegele.com/software/langcomp.html
Programming Information from HB
Text descriptions compare C/C++, Java, Pascal, Basic, VeraStream; Oracle; HTML, XML; JavaScript, PHP.
http://www.cybercomm.nl/~broers/programming.html
C# From a Java Developer's Perspective
Comprehensive article by Dare Obasanjo, details most similarities and differences between the two languages: features Java has that C# doesn't, and features C# has that Java doesn't. Text, tables, code, resources.
http://www.25hoursaday.com/CsharpVsJava.html
Syntax Across Languages
Operator names and syntax elements in various programming languages.
http://merd.net/pixel/language-study/syntax-across-languages.html
What I Hate About Your Programming Language
Text treats general aspects of language choices, then compares hatred of Perl, Python, Ruby, PHP, Java, C, C++, JavaScript, XSLT, SQL. With many forum comments. [ONLamp.com]
http://www.onlamp.com/pub/a/onlamp/2003/05/12/languagephilosophy.html
D vs Other Languages
Yes-No table with definitions compares D, C, C++, C#, Java, on: GC, functions, arrays, OOP, performance, reliability, compatibility, conditional compiling. [Digital Mars]
http://www.digitalmars.com/d/comparison.html
Just Say No to Microsoft: Programming Languages
Describes dozens of mostly living languages, grouped by family similarities. Most are alternatives to Microsoft.
http://microsoft.toddverbeek.com/lang.html
1% the Code
Compares colorForth and C: Chuck Moore, father of Forth, expects colorForth applications to need only 1% the code of C programs. No code samples.
http://www.colorforth.com/1percent.html
A Comparison of C++, FORTRAN 90 and Oberon-2 for Scientific Programming
The report concludes by a personal assessment of the three languages with respect to the numerical context. By Bernd Mösli. The reader's experience in scientific programming in C or FORTRAN would be advantageous.
http://www.arithmetica.ch/Oberon/CFORTRANOberon.nhtml
Willcam's Language Feature Simple Comparison
Table compares Java, Perl, Smalltalk, C++, C, Tcl, Shells (average).
http://www.willcam.com/perl_vs_java.html
Programming Language Critiques
Annotated links to critiques (Older version, by original author)
http://www.ai.mit.edu/people/pdp8/critiques/critiques.html
Reasons for TOM
TOM attempts to address flaws in these languages: C++, Cecil, Common Lisp, Eiffel, Java, Objective-C, Smalltalk.
http://gerbil.org/tom/doc/why.shtml
The Zen of Python
By Tim Peters.
http://www.awaretek.com/zen.html
Perl versus ...
Tom Christiansen compares Perl to other languages, and some of the others to yet others.
http://www.perl.com/language/versus/
PLEAC: Programming Language Examples Alike Cookbook
Suite of common programming problems solved in Ada, C++, Erlang, Guile, Haskell, Java, Masd, merd, NASM, Objective Caml, Perl, Pliant, Python, Ruby, Tcl.
http://pleac.sourceforge.net/
The Quine Page
Collection of self-reproducing programs: each outputs a copy of its own source code; about 60 languages.
http://www.nyx.net/~gthompso/quine.htm
Python Compared to Other Languages
Many links to comparisons involving Python.
http://www.python.org/doc/Comparisons.html
Why Tcl is Better than Perl
Says Tcl is simpler, more maintainable, has superior GUI interface; Perl is hard to maintain and embed, thread unsafe, complex to learn. No code samples, tables, graphs.
http://www.tcl.tk/advocacy/perl.html
Beyond Java?
Compares Java and Dylan, with examples from building two CORBA IDL compilers. Topics include: multiple inheritance, multi-argument dispatch, unified object model, extensible syntax. Several code examples.
http://www.functionalobjects.com/resources/beyond-java.phtml
A Comparative Overview of C#
Also compares C#, Java, C++. By Ben Albahari.
http://genamics.com/developer/csharp_comparative.htm
HEL vs. WebL
A comparison of two languages specialized for retrieving and parsing HTML pages.
http://cheops.cis.upenn.edu/~sahuguet/WAPI/HELvsWebL.html
Java vs. C#
Code for code comparison. All features on both languages are compared.
http://www.javacamp.org/javavscsharp/index.html
Ruby Versus Nine Object-Oriented Languages
Compares Ruby, Objective-C, Smalltalk-80, C++, Java, Python, CLOS, Perl5, PHP, Dylan.
http://www.approximity.com/ruby/Comparison_rb_st_m_java.html
Java versus C++
This document compares the languages Java and C++. HTML, PS and PDF formats.
http://www.dur.ac.uk/barry.cornelius/Java/java.versus.c++/
The ROT13 Page
ROT13 implemented in many programming languages.
http://www.miranda.org/~jkominek/rot13/
Contrast Ruby and Other Languages
Ruby vs Perl, Python, Tcl, Java, Eiffel, C++. Very short.
http://www.math.sci.hokudai.ac.jp/%7Egotoken/ruby/compar.shtml
Qtime Collection, FTP Download, Gzipped
Display time as English sentence, coded in: AWK, C, ICI, Icon, JavaScript, Lite/mSQL, PHP3, Pike, Python, REBOL, Rexx, Ruby, SLang, Spanner. Tested on only Linux (all) and AmigaOS (C and Rexx versions).
ftp://metalab.unc.edu/pub/linux/devel/lang/misc/
Survey of scripting language implementation options
A comparison of scripting language approaches in various categories. Pros and cons are given for each feature variation.
http://www.geocities.com/tablizer/langopts.htm
Why Pascal is Not My Favorite Programming Language
Brian Kernighan's comparison of Pascal and C
http://www.lysator.liu.se/c/bwk-on-pascal.html
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