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CreativityWe can define creativity as innovation. While for many the word most immediately conjours associations with artistic endeavours and writing, it has also been linked to science as far back as the muses of Ancient Greece. Today, creativity forms the core activity of a growing section of the global economy - the creative industries - generating wealth through the creation and exploitation of intellectual property or the provision of creative services.
Much praised in principle, much derided in fact, popular legend sees creativity serves as a refuge for the outsider with imagination. Some of the ambivalent attitude to creativity may stem from seeing the creative process as parallelling or suggesting the ingesting of drugs to generate visions, or simply from viewing creativity as eccentric behavior outside of the mainstream.
The word "creativity" bears an implication of constructing a novelty without constituent components ex nihilo (compare creationism), as opposed to (say) alternative theories of artistic inspiration which posit the transmission of visions from divine sources such as the Muses.
Compare invention.
Professional "creatives" do not have a monopoly on the concept of creativity. Problem solving in general may require a creative mind. Employers may value lawyers, accountants, people in sales, and others more highly if they can use a "creative" approach to their work. The phrases "thinking outside the box" and "thinking outside the square" express this idea.
Is it possible to learn how to be more creative? Several approaches have been proposed, ranging from the psychological-cognitive such as lateral thinking initially developed by Edward de Bono, to the highly structured such as TRIZ, the Theory of Inventive Problem Solving and ARIZ an Algorithm for Invention, both by the Russian scientist Genrich Altshuller
Some scientists term the scientific study of creativity creatology, but this term is not in widespread use.
See also: design, visual arts and design, fine art, creative accounting, Flow (psychology).
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Melanie Mitchell
Currently at the Santa Fe Institute. Melanie Mitchell developed Copycat as part of her dissertation work with Douglas Hofstadter on cognitive modeling of high-level perception and analogy-making.
http://www.santafe.edu/~mm/
Margaret Boden
Author of "The Creative Mind: Myths and Mechanisms", Boden's interests are in the use of Artificial Intelligence techniques for understanding human creativity.
http://www.cogs.susx.ac.uk/users/maggieb/
Ashok Goel
Ashok Goel is an Associate Professor of Computer and Cognitive Science at Georgia Institute of Technology. Research in various aspects of design includes investigation of the creative exploration involved in solving problems.
http://www.cc.gatech.edu/aimosaic/faculty/goel/
William H. Calvin
Theoretical neurophysiologist and author of "The Cerebral Code", and "How Brains Think".
http://WilliamCalvin.com/index.html
il sogno di Eliza
A project about creative interaction between artificial and human intelligence producing a story, a real fiction book. The author uses several pieces of software to create the plot, the dialogues, to find new path or check the older one. Written in italian the result is a fiction of 160 pages.
http://www.ilsognodieliza.com/
Stephen L. Thaler
Creator of the neural-network based Creativity Machine. Thaler has proposed it as a model of consciousness in which a neural network manifests what he calls a stream of consciousness while a second network filters the outputs from the first network. Thaler claims that these immense neural network cascades are capable of human level invention, discovery, and artistic creativity. Holds patents in the areas of neural networks, optimization, and the construction of sentient machines.
http://www.imagination-engines.com/thaler.htm
The Metaphor page
Tony Veale's introductions to analogy and metaphor. Includes the SAPPER analogy system.
http://www.compapp.dcu.ie/~tonyv/
Raul Valdes-Perez
Papers on scientific discovery and applications to chemistry.
http://www.cs.cmu.edu/~sci-disc/
Chris Thornton
Collection of papers relevant to artificial creativity and intelligence.
http://www.cogs.susx.ac.uk/users/christ/
SWALE Project Home Page: Case-Based Creativity
This site, maintained by David Leake at Indiana University, describes the SWALE project's case-based reasoning approach to generating creative explanations. A simplified version of the SWALE code is available.
http://www.cs.indiana.edu/~leake/projects/swale
Artificial Intelligence and Creativity
Papers from the 1993 Symposium
http://www.aaai.org/Press/Reports/Symposia/Spring/ss-93-01.html
Artificial Creativity in Linguistics
Using genetic algorithms to create English words.
http://www.ocf.berkeley.edu/~jkunken/glot-bot/
Creative Systems Group of Coimbra
People working in AI and Creativity
http://eden.dei.uc.pt/~amilcar/CreativeSystems/
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