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Directory

This article is about the computing term. The Directory was also a government in revolutionary France from 1795 to 1799.

In computing, a directory, catalog, or folder, is an entity in a file system which contains a group of files and other directories. A typical file system contains thousands of files, and directories help organize them by keeping related files together. A directory contained inside another directory is called a subdirectory of that directory. Together, the directories form a hierarchy, or tree structure.

If you imagine the computer's file system as a file cabinet, high-level directories may be represented by the drawers, while lower-level subdirectories may be represented as file folders within the drawers.

Historically, and even on some modern embedded devices, the filesystems either have no support for directories at all or only have a flat directory structure, meaning subdirectories are not allowed; there is only a group of top-level directories each containing files. The first popular fully general hierarchical filesystem was that of UNIX. This type of filesystem was an early research interest of Dennis Ritchie.

In modern times in Linux and other Unix-like systems, directory structure is strictly defined by the Filesystem Hierarchy Standard.

Table of contents
1 The folder metaphor
2 See also
3 External links

The folder metaphor

The name folder, presenting an analogy to the file folder used in offices, is common on some operating systems such as Mac OS and, increasingly, Microsoft Windows.

Strictly speaking, there is a difference between a directory which is a filing system concept, and the WIMP metaphor that is used to represent it (a folder).

Note that the folder metaphor may be misleading with regard to things like file permissions on UNIX: To rename or delete a file you need write permission to the directory that contains the file. This is perfectly understandable if the directory is seen as a list of filenames but not if it is seen as a container (as folder implies).

In graphical user interface (GUI) or WIMP environments, folders are often depicted with icons which resemble physical file folders such as those of a file cabinet in an office.

See also


The word directory\ is also used in computing and telephony with a different sense: a central repository of information related to management of a computer or a network of computers. This includes data on users, applications, hosts, network devices, security credentials and more. The directory, as opposed to a database, is heavily optimized for reading, with the assumption that data updates are very rare compared to data reads.

Currently (as of 2003) the prominent directory technology is LDAP, which is descended from the X.500 standard. Microsoft's implementation of LDAP is Active Directory.

The Distributed Management Task Force (DMTF) is creating standards related to the information stored in such directories, and the protocols and APIs used to access it. The main product of these efforts is a common information model (CIM) for management.

See also: directory service, web directory.

External links


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Engineering Resources Online
A practical guide to engineering products, companies and resources.
http://www.er-online.co.uk/

Dial Engineering UK Directory
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http://www.dialengineering.co.uk

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http://www.azom.com

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http://www.engineering-e.com

GlobalSpec.com
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http://www.globalspec.com/

Engineeringtalk
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http://www.engineeringtalk.com

Indiaengineering.com
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The SearchEng
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The Applegate Directory
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http://www.test4safety.com

ELA Engineering Directory
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Process Engineering Online Directory
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http://www.processengineeringonline.com

E4 : Engineering
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http://www.e4engineering.com/

Aluminium Directory of Malaysia
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http://www.aluminium.com.my

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http://www.engineeringonline.co.uk/

SoluSource
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http://www.solusource.com

GeoIndex
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Thomas Regional's directory of centrifugal pumps and related products and services.
http://centrifugal-pumps.com

Brass Parts Directory
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http://www.brassdirectory.com

Valve Directory
An industrial valve manufacturer portal. Contains links and information on all types of valves.
http://www.valvedirectory.com

Engineering Capacity
Directory of manufacturers' subcontractors in the UK.
http://www.engineering-capacity.co.uk

Offshore Technology
Portal for the offshore oil and gas industry, with information and news on current projects, and directory of products, services and contractors.
http://www.offshore-technology.com/

EngNet Engineering Directory - North America
Directory of North American links to engineering services and products, organized under different categories, as well as alphabetic listing.
http://www.engnet.us

Pumps EZ Search
A searchable database of pump manufacturers.
http://www.pumps-ez.com

Civil and Structural Engineering Forum
A set of discussion forums and directories for civil and structural engineering community.
http://www.cseforum.net

Civil-engineers.com
Listing of civil engineers, jobs, and computer software.
http://www.civil-engineers.com

Indian Product Promotion Centre
All India directory of ISO 9000/14000 and QS 9000 certified companies, industrial products and services.
http://www.ippconline.com

Elsevier Engineering
A bibliographic database of journal articles, books and news for researchers in chemical, civil, electrical, electronic, energy, industrial, manufacturing, materials or mechanical engineering.
http://www.elsevierengineering.com

PowderMetalWeb
A powder metal B2B portal, covering powder metallurgy and metal injection moulding. The site also includes an industry directory, a marketplace, and patents, technical and market news.
http://www.powdermetalweb.com

Online Directory of UK Process Engineering Companies
An online directory of UK process engineering companies, products, services and news.
http://www.processdirectory.com

Process and Environmental Engineering
Directory of products and services for process and environmental engineering.
http://www.endat.com

Fiber Glass Directory
A database of organizations related to fiber glass business in India.
http://www.frpdirectory.com

Tank World
A community for professionals manufacturing and supplying components and products for the tank, vessel, reactor and kettle industry. Includes a directory of manufacturers and distributors.
http://TANKworld.com

Pump Manufacturers
A directory of pump manufacturers and their suppliers.
http://www.pump-manufacturers.com

World of Manufacturing
A directory of manufacturing companies.
http://www.worldofmanufacturing.com

Egyptian Engineering Directory
A directory of engineering companies in Egypt.
http://www.egypteng.com

European Anti-Corrosion Directory
Directory of corrosion protection products and services in Europe.
http://www.euroanticorrosion.fr

USA Traffic Engineering Directory
Directory of USA traffic engineering consultants listed by state.
http://www.street-signs-usa.com/410/cat410.htm

Fiber Optics Industry Directory and Information
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http://www.fiberopticscleaning.onestop.net

Flowmeter Directory
Flowmeter Directory - Flow meter manufacturers and supplier.
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Contractors Unlimited
Engineering contractors portal offering industry news, discussion forum and lists of contractors.
http://www.contractorsunlimited.co.uk/

First Index
Web-based marketplace for industrial custom-manufactured parts and assemblies. Provides a listing of suppliers by process, region, approvals and speciality.
http://www.firstindex.co.uk

Engineering Directory - Look4industry
Directory of companies, products and services in the metal, mechanical, electrical and process engineering industry. Includes search capabilities.
http://www.look4industry.com/ebg

Process Industries Supplier Registry
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Mining and Industrial Services Directory
Comprehensive listing of suppliers, products and service providers to the mining and industrial sectors.
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National Test Laboratory Directory
Directory of test laboratories in the USA.
http://www.findtesting.com

LUPI
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http://lupis.org

Control Engineering Virtual Library
List of links to research institutions, professional societies, journals, conferences and consultants in the control engineering field. Developed and maintained by California Institute of Technology (USA and University of Cambridge, UK)
http://www-control.eng.cam.ac.uk/extras/Virtual_Library/Control_VL.html

EngNet Engineering Directory - Global
Directory of world-wide links to engineering services and products, organized under different categories, as well as alphabetic listing.
http://www.engnetglobal.com/

Canadian Engineering Directory
A database of Canadian engineering companies as well as message boards for B2B communication and employment.
http://www.englink.ca

Web Directory for IEC Zone Classification and Ex-e Equipment
Index to manufacturers and certifying agencies of Ex-e and other electrical equipment for use in hazardous locations with IEC zone classifications.
http://www.hazloc.com

Geotechnical Directory
Information on academic and industrial research laboratories, service providers (test labs, consultants, contractors), forthcoming conferences, design standards (American and European countries) and books relating to geotechnical engineering.
http://www.geotechnicaldirectory.com/

Engserv
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http://www.engserv.co.uk/

Process Industry Directory (UK)
Directory of industrial suppliers of automation, instrumentation, measurement and control products in UK.
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Industrial and Engineering Goods and Supplies
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http://industrial.easy2source.com/

Measurement Directory
Lists manufacturers and products in measuring instrumentation.
http://www.measurementdirectory.com



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