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Tuning Systems
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Tuning and Temperament Bibliography
Huge list of print books, magazines, and journal articles on tuning systems.
http://www.xs4all.nl/%7ehuygensf/doc/bib.html
Understanding Temperaments
Tunings used for harpsichords.
http://pages.globetrotter.net/roule/temper.htm
Tuning by Ratios
This paper explores the use of simple ratios to tune musical intervals and chords. Included are a tutorial, a set of computer programs, and a re-tuned two-part invention by J.S. Bach.
http://www.leeds.ac.uk/music/studio/rproj_swss/tuning/tuning.htm
Equal Temperament Tuning
An introduction to equal temperament for guitarists who have problems tuning their guitars.
http://users.adelphia.net/~cygnusx_1/equal_temperament.html
Julian Carrillo and the Thirteenth Sound
(1875-1965), Mexican music creator of the microtonal system called the 13th Sound. He reformed the theory of music, invented a new musical written based in numbers and built instrument capable to produce those small intervals.
http://tecweb.tol.itesm.mx/esolisw/julian.html
A Tour Up The Harmonic Series
Basic introduction to the Pythagorean circle of fifths and the physical basis for the need for alternative tuning systems.
http://www.redshift.com/~dcanright/harmser/
The History of Musical Tuning and Temperament
Two academic papers, covering music before 1750, and music during the Classical and Romantic periods.
http://casaninja.com/christi/old/academic/classicaltuning.html
Alternate Temperaments: Theory and Philosophy
Introduction to tuning systems, based on the cents system. Written by Terry Blackburn.
http://www.rdrop.com/users/tblackb/music/temperament/
An Introduction to Historical Tunings
On the development of tuning systems in Medieval Europe (Kirnberger, Young, and mean-tone systems).
http://home.earthlink.net/~kgann/histune.html
Justonic Tuning Inc.
Pitch Palette software tunes a microtunable synthesizer to just intonation, world scales, historic scales and user scales in real time.
http://www.justonic.com/
A Beginner's Guide to Temperament
Written by Stephen Bicknell for the electronic mailing list Piporg-l.
http://www.users.dircon.co.uk/~oneskull/3.6.04.htm
The Alternate Tuning Internet Mailing List
For exchanging ideas relevant to alternate tunings, including just intonation, paratactical tunings, experimental musical instrument design, and non-standard equal temperaments.
http://nowitzky.hypermart.net/tuning/
An Atlas of Consonance
The author presents a graphical tool for the visualization of consonance and dissonance, based on an acoustical model of the interaction of musical tones.
http://www.sohl.com/sohl/mt/maptone.html
Comparison of Temperaments
Table comparing various temperaments, including Equal Temperament, Pythagorean, another natural tuning, two mean-tone tunings, two Well temperaments, two Indian tunings, and two Persian tunings.
http://www.pcug.org.au/~apurdam/tempers.html
Keyboard temperament analyzer/calculator - Bradley Lehman
Excel spreadsheet that analyzes keyboard temperaments: gives beat rates for tuning, and harmonic-tension charts in all keys.
http://www-personal.umich.edu/~bpl/temper.html
Tantrum
Tool for the study of temperament anomalies.
http://www.well.com/user/smalin/tantrum.html
World Scale Depository
Construction of a reference center of scale measurements throughout the world.
http://www.anaphoria.com/depos.html
Pythagorean Tuning and Medieval Polyphony
Article by Margo Schulter.
http://www.medieval.org/emfaq/harmony/pyth.html
Historical Tuning
Includes information on the differences between equal temperament and well temperament and why Bach rejected equal temperament and celebrated well temperament.
http://www.bestweb.net/~rmp
Modes and Scales in Indian Music
Article by David Courtney.
http://chandrakantha.com/articles/scales.html
Huygens-Fokker Foundation
Center for microtonal music. Promotes microtonal music in all its forms
http://www.xs4all.nl/~huygensf/english/
Johann Sebastian Bach: Well Tempered Tuning (Wohltemperirt)
Paper on the history of the tuning system, as well as information about tuning a harpsichord in this system.
http://ha.kellner.bei.t-online.de
The Argument for Equal Temperament
Lerdahl's cognitive constraints.
http://music.dartmouth.edu/~kov/lerdahl/EqTemp.html
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