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Animation

Illustration: This animation moves at 10 frames per second.

Illustration: This animation moves at 2 frames per second. At this rate, the individual frames should be discernable.

Animation refers to the process in which each frame of a film or movie is produced individually, whether generated as a computer graphic, or by photographing a drawn image, or by repeatedly making small changes to a model (see claymation and stop motion), and then photographing the result. When the frames are strung together and the resulting film is viewed at a speed of 16 or more frames per second, there is an illusion of continuous movement (due to the persistence of vision). Generating such a film is very labour intensive and tedious, though the development of computer animation has greatly sped up the process.

GIF is a graphics file format that allows animation to be viewed on a computer. Another format called Flash, created by Macromedia, allows for animation to be viewed over the Internet.

Table of contents

1 Overview 2 History of animation 3 Famous names in animation 4 Animation studios 5 Styles of animation 6 Techniques 7 External links

Overview

Limited animation is a way of increasing production and decreasing costs of animation by using "short cuts" in the animation process. This method was pioneered by UPA, then adapted by other studios as cartoons moved from movie theaters to television.

Because animation is very time-consuming and often very expensive to produce, the majority of animation for TV and movies comes from professional animation studios. However, the field of independent animation has existed at least since the 1950s, with animation being produced by independent studios (and sometimes by a single person). Several independent animation producers have gone on to enter the professional animation industry.

Illustration: The animations shown before consist of these 6 frames.

History of animation

Main article: History of animation

The history of film animation begins with the earliest days of silent film and continues through the present day. The first animated cartoon was from Frenchman Émile Reynaud, who created praxynoscope, animation system of 12 pictures, and films of about 500~600 pictures, projected on its own théatre optique, system near from modern film projector, at Musée Grévin in Paris, France, the october 28, 1892.

The first animated cartoon on modern picture film projector was Fantasmagorie by the French director Émile Courtet (also called Émile Cohl), projected for the first time August 17, 1908 at 'Théâtre du Gymnase', in Paris. Émile Courtet went to Fort Lee, New York near New York City in 1912, where he worked for French studio Éclair and spread its technique in the US.

The first animated feature-length film was El Apóstol (1917) from Argentine Quirino Cristiani, shown in Argentina. Because the history of animation as an art form has undergone many changes in its hundred-year history, it is examined in detail in the History of animation series.

Famous names in animation

• Tex Avery
• Ralph Bakshi
• Berthold Bartosch
• Mel Blanc
• Don Bluth
• Konstantin Bronzit
• Brothers Quay
• Sylvain Chomet
• Peter Chung
• Bob Clampett
• Émile Courtet
• Shamus Culhane
• Walt Disney
• Michaël Dudok De Wit
• Paul Fierlinger
• Max Fleischer
• Friz Freleng
• Jacques-Rémy Girerd
• Paul Grimault
• Zlatko Grgić
• John Hubley
• Ub Iwerks
• Chuck Jones
• Kihachirô Kawamoto
• Jean-François Laguionie
• René Laloux
• Walter Lantz
• Guionne Leroy
• Winsor McCay
• Norman McLaren
• Hayao Miyazaki
• Grim Natwick
• Michel Ocelot
• Nick Park
• Priit Pärn
• Bill Plympton
• Oliver Postgate
• Lotte Reiniger
• Émile Reynaud
• Ladislas Starevich
• Jan Svankmajer
• Isao Takahata
• Osamu Tezuka
• Frederico Valle
• Will Vinton
• Dušan Vukotić
• Wan brothers

• Aardman Animation
• DiC Entertainment
• Filmation
• Fleischer Studio
• Folimage
• Gainax
• GONZO
• Grantray-Lawrence Animation
• Studio Ghibli
• Hanna-Barbera Productions
• Klasky Csupo Inc
• Studio Madhouse
• Marathon Studios
• National Film Board of Canada
• Nelvana
• Pixar
• Smallfilms
• ŠAF; - Čakovec; , Croatia
• Termite Terrace
• UPA
• Walt Disney Studios
• Walter Lantz Studio
• Warner Brothers
• Zagreb Film - Zagreb, Croatia

• Traditional animation
• Rotoscoping
• Computer animation
• Cutout animation
• Analog computer animation
• Motion capture
• Stop-motion animation
  • claymation
  • Pixilation
  • Puppet animation
• Limited animation
• Pinscreen animation
• Drawn on film animation

Techniques

• Onion skinning

• 14000 Free Animations
• Chronology of Animation
• Animation links collection
• Zagreb Film
• SAF
• Animation Directory
• Open source animation package: Blender

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